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Göç Olgusunun Dinsel ve Mezhepsel Kimlikler Üzerindeki Etkisi

Author(s): Sıddık Korkmaz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç olgusunun dinsel ve mezhepsel kimlikler üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkilerin tarihsel örnekleri nelerdir? Buna ilaveten tarihsel bir realite olan göç olgusunun iyi tahlil edilebilmesi için ne gibi hususlar göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır? Bu olgunun insan üzerindeki etkisi din ve mezhep anlayışına yansımaları nasıl olmaktadır? şeklindeki sorular, cevaplarını arayacağımız hususlardandır.

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О форме и декоре ременных бляшек в раннесредневековой Болгарии

Author(s): Stela Doncheva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The production of art metal in the early medieval Bulgaria became known after the discovery of three metal-plating centers in the vicinity of the capital of the First Bulgarian Kingdom — Preslav, from the beginning and middle of the 10th century. Along with technology and jewelry, the origin of raw materials and the chemical composition of the metal, necessary to fully comprehend the extremely numerous material found so far, there are some issues related to the shape, proportions, elements of the ornament and the method of manufacturing individual decorative details. Combination of all these components leads to one exceptionally rich palette of various belt jewelry, at the same time reflecting the fashion trends of the era, the individual approach of the craftsman and traditions in the art of artistic metal.The original combinations of shapes and ornaments found on the belt adornments of metal-plastic manufacturing centers are nowhere to be found in such a variety during this period, neither in the country nor abroad. In the various settlements and fortresses of medieval Bulgaria in the early period, only a few representatives of certain types are known, and not in such great diversity. A similar picture exists outside the country: numerous finds from various places in Hungary, Serbia, Russia and Southeastern Europe cannot be compare with the richness of shapes and ornaments originating from the one place near Preslav. This is somewhat explainable by the place of production, but it seems to be not the only reason. There are many industries outside the country, which do not show this diversity of products.

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Восточные и византийские традиции в комплексе украшений женского костюма Руси (по материалам средневековых городов Беларуси)

Author(s): Kristina A. Lavysh / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The development of a complex of ornaments for women’s costume in Rus’ in the 11th — 13th centuries was taking place under the significant influence of samples from the Oriental and Byzantine world. Many types of ornaments, the way of wearing them, motifs, as well as the techniques of their manufacturing (cloisonné enamel, filigree, granulation, niello) were borrowed from there. Temple pendants (kolty) with enamel and niello, suspension chains (ryasny), three-bead temple rings, princes’ diadems, neckpieces-humerals, hinged bracelets (consisting of two semicircular sections), twisted and plaited bracelets with terminals decorated with filigree and granulation refer to the remaking of the Byzantine samples in the Old Russian ceremonial attire. Archaeological finds from the excavations of medieval towns оf Belarus related to the Byzantine and Eastern traditions are not as numerous and diverse as finds from the South Rus’, Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod lands, but they demonstrate the same process of adaptation and elaboration of the Byzantine and Eastern artistic and cultural traditions. This process can be traced both in the items of ceremonial attire, and in the ordinary ornaments of urban women.

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Фибула как инсигния в западноевропейском костюме

Author(s): Natalia V. Zhilina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In Byzantium, brooches lost the meaning of insignia because of other regalia in development and of a rational design of clothing. But in Western Europe, the status role of large fibula remained during the developed Middle Ages. This is evidenced by all kinds of sources: written, graphic, material. Large, expensive, luxuriously ornamented brooches had the value of insignia.In preserving of the role of central brooches as status ones, one can see the striking feature of the ceremonial dress of the rulers and the higher social stratum of Western Europe. But here the brooches shared the fate of this jewelry category: they transit from the function of fastening to the decorative role and transmit their decorative form to large buttons.

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История изучения женского металлического убора круга «древностей антов»

Author(s): Vlasta E. Rodinkova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper identifies four stages of study of the women’s set of adornments and attire items existed in the Middle Dnieper and the Dnieper Left Bank region at the beginning of the Early Middle Ages. This set was reflected in hoards of the so-called antiquities of the Antae. At the first stage (end of the 19th century — 1920s), the accumulation and initial interpretation of the material took place. At the second stage (1930—1950s), “antiquities of the Antae” were considered mainly in the context of global ethnic and cultural and historical reconstructions. At the third stage (1960—1980s), Early Slavic sites were discovered in the Dnieper region. Women’s adornments and costume accessories were attracted to characterize the material culture of the early Slavic population. The modern fourth stage began in 1990s. Its distinctive feature is the formation of the concept on women's attire as an original historical source. Analysis of this source allows us to take a fresh look at some key points in the history of the Dnieper region at the end of the Migration Period.

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Ювелирные изделия эпохи Волжской Болгарии из фондов Самарского областного историко-краеведческого музея им. П. В. Алабина

Author(s): Anna F. Kochkina,Dmitriy A. Stashenkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the funds of the Samara Museum for History and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin there is a small collection of jewelry made of precious metals by the Volga Bulgarians of the 12th — early 13th century. The article describes items from this collection that originate from the sites of Volga Bulgaria in the Samara region. The range of jewelry products in Volga Bulgaria includes a variety of personal jewelry. A special place is occupied by items from the Zhiguli hoard, discovered on the Samara Luka and representing an outstanding example of Bulgarian jewelry art of the pre-Mongol period. These artifacts are evidence not only of the high level of development of the Volga Bulgarians’ metalworking craft, but also indicators of the level of artistic representations of society as a whole within the cultural traditions of the Muslim East.

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Фрагменты серебряных окладов богослужебных предметов из раскопок Большого Шепетовского городища

Author(s): Anna A. Peskova,Aleksandra Yu. Kononovich / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Fragments of plates of silver frames of liturgical objects with minted floral ornaments were found in the collection of archaeological materials stored in the State Hermitage Museum and among those originating from the excavations of the Large fortified settlement near Shepetоvka (second half of the 12th — first half of the 13th centuries). They differed stylistically and used to decorate once different objects. It was possible to reconstruct a large procession cross with a lush floral ornament and distinguish two crowns from the decoration of an icon, executed less luxuriantly, possibly by another master. The design and stylistic features of the cross find parallels among the Byzantine procession crosses of the 11th—12th centuries, covered with silver frames. At the same time, the reconstructed cross has significant differences, which allows it to be attributed to the first similar works of the ancient Russian masters of the 12th century (?) who followed Byzantine tradition.

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Драгоценные украшения на древнерусских иконах по «свидетельству» резных и литых образков XIII века

Author(s): Irina A. Sterligova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The iconography of a number of small Old Russian icons from the first third of the thirteenth century, made of stone, clay or copper alloy, confirms the tradition, known from written sources, of votive ornaments in the form of gold and silver collars, both wound and sickle-shaped, on particularly venerated icons. The paper examines the sources of this tradition and the influence upon it of international contacts: similar ornaments on sacred images may be traced in Western Europe and among the Cumans. The miniature icons that have been discovered, which reproduce the form of the most venerated icons, supplement our idea of the religious art of Old Rus’, the canon of which was received from Byzantium, but was realised in an original manner, reflecting local realities and artistic tastes.

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Горны на курганах (открытие средневекового металлургического квартала в Пскове при раскопках 2016—2019 гг.)

Author(s): Elena V. Salmina,Sergey A. Salmin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The rescue archaeological excavations, held on the territory of the former thermal electric power plant in Pskov prior to its renovation, revealed a medieval “metallurgy quarters” which existed on this territory in the 13th—16th centuries beyond the fortification walls. The manufacturing center occurred on the site of the burial grounds of the 10th — first half of the 11th cc. thus having destroyed many burial mounds. It is indicative that the raw materials used by the local metallurgists contained a significant amount of fragmented and deformed jewelry, some of which may have highly likely come from the destroyed burials. To date, no clusters of industrial complexes that occupied such an area in the absence of residential development have been found on the territory of Medieval Pskov. The discovery of such a production quarter in Pskov allows us to revise both the history of urban development and the organization of production processes in one of the largest urban centers of North-Western Russia.

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Umieranie, śmierć i pogrzeb w liturgii późnośredniowiecznego Krakowa

Author(s): Jakub Kubieniec / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the course and character of the rites connected with dying and burial of the dead as conveyed by medieval Cracow codices. The texts and liturgical formulae connected with these ceremonies and used in Polish local tradition did not single out rulers as special category persons who would be entitled to extraordinary funerary ceremonies. Symbolic gestures and elements of “court liturgy” connected with political theology were incorporated into funerary ceremonies of the rulers. The most spectacular of them, the widely commented fall of a horse rider during the mass for the dead king, is discussed in the article in the context of the remarks passed by Cracow mass liturgists from the 15th century.

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Śmierć, pogrzeb i upamiętnienie polskich królowych w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Bożena Czwojdrak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The funeral of Polish rulers, one of the most important royal ceremonies, is fully described with reference to the period from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century. As far as the 14th and the 15th centuries are concerned, our knowledge is limited to chronicles of that time. It was after Sigismund I the Old died, when the need to formalise the ceremony was acknowledged. Samuel Maciejowski wrote “Ordo pompae funebris serenissimi Sigismundi Regis Poloniae”, which became the model for preparing funerals of Polish rulers. Against this background, the lack or only laconic descriptions of the funerals of Polish queens are particularly striking. There was no due ceremonial until the end of the Commonwealth of Poland, the course of the funerary ceremony is not known, the annalists record deaths of the queens very shortly, not mentioning the ceremonies themselves. This is why the article analyses the deaths, burials and commemoration of late medieval queens, the wives of Władysław Jagiełło: Jadwiga Andegaweńska, Anna Cylejska, Elżbieta Granowska and Zofia Holszańska, as well as Elżbieta Rakuska, the wife of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and Helena Moskiewska, the wife of Aleksander Jagiellończyk.

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Wiersze na śmierć króla w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce

Author(s): Marcin Starzyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the 15th-century epicedium, composed by a Silesian humanist thinker, Wawrzyniec Korwin (before 1440-1527) to commemorate the death of king Kazimierz Jagiellończyk (1447-1492). This work was known in literature, but it was not analysed in depth in the context of other works of this kind, which were written in connection with deaths of Polish monarchs. The author uses the unknown until now manuscript from the collection of Niedersächsiche Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen (the oldest of the recognised). The manuscript contains two other works by Korwin, the description of the funeral ceremony of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and a verse epitaph. Together they from the largest group of texts written at the time of Polish monarch’s death in the late Middle Ages. Although their topic is still medieval, the phraseology is undoubtedly renaissance. The appendix contains the edition of epicedium.

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Memoria króla Jana Olbrachta w katedrze na Wawelu

Author(s): Barbara Świadek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article attempts to describe Jan Olbracht’s memoria in the Wawel Cathedral in the context of late medieval or early modern cultural memory. After the death of the monarch, his mother, Elżbieta Rakuszanka, decided to erect the tomb of her son in a separate chapel. At her command, the chapel of bishop Jan Grot, founded before 1344 and dedicated to John Evangelist and Saint Martha, was chosen; in its western part the tomb of the direct successor of Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk was erected. The author of the article tries to reconstruct not only the architecture and art decoration of the new space, but also its portable equipment. Most objects commissioned by the Jagiellonians were lost, but the cathedral inventory from 1563 confirms that Olbracht’s memoria did not consist of accidental artefacts. Apart from their high artistic value, most objects referred to the subject of passion, which made them ideal for the chapel and the pietas Jagiellonica policy.

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Uwagi o sensie ideowym figury nagrobnej Zygmunta I Starego

Author(s): Mateusz Grzęda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the meaning of the tomb effigy of Sigismund I the Old in his burial chapel at Cracow cathedral. It has been observed that distinctive way of posing the figure of the king in armour that represents the demi-gisant type could have been inspired by the ancient depictions of gods and heroes. Neoplatonic connotations of such an image were also underlined: a reclining monarch awakening from his sleep indicated the moment when the soul was leaving the body. According to the author appropriating the demi-gisant type for the Cracow tomb effigy was likely to demonstrate the analogy between Sigismund I and Hercules. It referred to the motive of Hercules at the crossroads (Hercules in bivio) based on the story in which the pagan hero, faced with a life choice, decided to follow path of virtue and earned himself eternal glory and salvation. Given the sepulcral context of the chapel, the formula of semi-recumbent effigy of the king must have evoked the association with Hercules as the only hero who was granted immortality. Thus, introducing the ancient pagan formula to the artistic setting of the king’s tomb did not undermine its Christian message – on the contrary, it corresponded perfectly with the eschatological views of Sigismund I, who repeatedly expressed his absolute conviction that kings were to be redeemed.

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Equids in Late Byzantine Hagiographies

Author(s): Alexia-Foteini Stamouli / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Data of late Byzantine hagiographical texts on equids are analyzed and compared with those of the middle period, revealing a complexity of relationships. For example, in hagiographies of both periods, saints often refuse to ride on horseback. Information about horses as a means of transport is rarer in the late hagiographies, but there are more testimonies of horses being used during wars. References to hippodromes or to people descending from horses to pray are rarer in the late period as well. In both periods, the horse appears as a punisher or as an instrument of divine punishment. Descriptions of persecution (and martyrdom) refer to equids, for example when saints were tortured by being drawn by equids. Τhe references to equids used for water transport are of particular interest. Finally, there is resemblance in the use of similes, metaphors, and proverbs involving horses in both periods. In conclusion, the importance of equids remains as great in the late hagiographies as in those composed in the middle period.

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Hishām ibn al-Kalbi’s Kitāb al-Khayl

Author(s): Hylke Hettema / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter explores the content of the premodern Arabic document Kitāb al-Khayl and the modes of transmission which resulted in it being frequently referenced in popular narratives of the history of the Arab horse. Contextualising the work shows that it is part of early Islamic reimagining of the past in order to create a history for emerging Arab identity during the early Islamic period. Contrary to the modern idea that this work represents the first Arab horse stud-book, the “Book of Horses” by Hisham ibn al-Kalbi (d.ca. 819 CE) cannot be viewed as evi-dence of an ancient breeding tradition among the Arabs.

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Horse Burials among the Lombards and Avars

Author(s): Annamaria Fedele / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In Lombard cemeteries there are numerous burial pits containing horses, confirming that this animal was the sacrificial victim par excellence among Germanic and Nomadic cultures in the Early Middle Ages. The majority of horse burials found in Italy shows similar deposition methods to some discovered in the cemeteries of Central and Eastern Europe, which belong to both Lombards and other Germanic peoples. This permits tracing of the main characteristics of the Germanic funerary custom, and its differentiation from another ritual recognised in the Italian cemetery of Campochiaro (Southern Italy, Molise), where horses were buried in a manner similar to that observed among the Avars, a nomadic population who settled in the Carpathian Basin in the last decades of the 6th century AD. This paper describes the main archaeological discoveries in Italy, with the aim of clarifying the distinctions between the two cultural heritages identified there, and providing some explanations thereof.

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Responsible Midwifery or Reckless Disbelief?

Author(s): Mark Mattison / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The most disquieting pericope in The Protevangelium Jacobi is Salome’s violation of Mary to confirm her virginity. This essay considers whether Salome could have originally been depicted as a well-meaning midwife performing a postpartum physical examination. There are obstacles to this reading. Most challenging is Salome’s declaration to a midwife in 19:3: “unless I insert my finger and examine her condition, I won’t believe that a virgin has given birth.” An early editor could have subverted this narrative by incorporating this allusion to John 20:25, transforming Salome from a responsible midwife into a convenient literary foil to a virgin birth.

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Introduction to Mary as High Priest in Early Christian Narratives and Iconography

Author(s): Ally Kateusz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Recent studies have demonstrated that from Late Antiquity up through the early modern era, some artists portrayed Jesus’s mother Mary as a priest, including depicting her with insignia such as the Eucharistic handkerchief and the episcopal pallium. In fact, surviving art indicates that Mary was portrayed with liturgical insignia as early, or earlier, than any male leader. Contextualizing why artists portrayed Mary in this fashion, even earlier some gospel writers had paralleled Mary and Abraham as the cultic founders of their religion, and other authors represented Mary as the high priest or bishop of bishops. Censorship, both ancient and modern, appears to explain why Mary is rarely remembered this way today.

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Prayer and Incantation on Early Christian Amulets

Author(s): Joseph E. Sanzo / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter examines the manifold ways late antique Christian practitioners (ca. third-seventh centuries) negotiated the boundaries between Christian prayers and traditional amuletic practices. I supplement recent research, which has usefully demonstrated the overlapping characteristics of prayers and incantations, by focusing on the semantic range and principal traits of the term euchê (and its cognates) when it is present on Greek and Coptic amulets and ritual handbooks. The analysis is further augmented by a discussion of how some practitioners diminished or highlighted the material properties of prayers in their apotropaic and curative rituals.

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