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Hidden Jewish children”, Holocaust survivors. Traumatisms and mourning. Retrospective studies. This contribution concerning traumatism and the mourning of Jewish children, holocaust survivors hidden in France during WWII, is a retrospective study on the psychological consequences in a situation of genocide in childhood. In this article two different types of research, carried out in France, will be underlined. The first concerns a group of former hidden children who created an association, more than half-century after the end of the war, to establish a self-therapeutic group. The second research studies former hidden children who have remained isolated and generally have had difficulties in metabolizing their traumatic experiences.
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The purpose of this volume of PUBLIC POLICY.bg is to draw attention to a topic that is usually considered primarily a matter of history. Thus, Holocaust remembrance is usually debated by historians. The study of this past is often in narrowly specialized academic units of Jewish studies or in Holocaust Studies Centers. Such academic structures exist in many universities around the world. They have long developed an extremely high level of expertise on this historical heritage. Conferences are held, exclusive publications appear in many languages. This autonomous scientific space is being reproduced and developed further. The problem, however, is that it remains relatively encapsulated and isolated within the narrow boundaries of experts on the subject. It can be said that the first problem that caused us to dedicate this issue of the Holocaust Remembrance Policy journal was the need to draw attention to the interdisciplinary nature of these studies and highlight the importance of horizontal links between different scientific fields in them.
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When I began my career almost 50 years ago, I emphasized in my speeches that one day there would be no Holocaust survivors to say, “I was there,” or to show their concentration camp tattoos, or to recount their first-hand testimony of being the victims of the worst brutality known to humankind. Sadly, we are almost at that point.
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According to recent studies of the Claims Conference, millennials in various countries believe that the Holocaust is an important subject that should be taught in schools. This topic is often included in national or state curricula, but educators do not necessarily receive accredited professional development opportunities about how to approach teaching this subject matter in their respective classrooms. Moreover, many Holocaust-related institutions around the world offer workshops and seminars geared for teachers, however, their programming is not always externally evaluated. This article will explore the results of a number of external studies of Yad Vashem's teacher-training efforts on an international scale, reflecting on aims and outcomes. Based on this data, there appears to be an added value to professional development training. However, additional research should be undertaken as these findings could support decisions made by policy makers.
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Over the last 20 years the perception of the Holocaust in Bulgarian society, including by various historians, is perhaps one of the most complex subjects in the national public space, and even beyond. The lack of consensus regarding the assessment and perception, as well as in the presentation and interpretation of historical facts, i.e. of the stories about what happened and what did NOT happen, prevents a structured history of the events from 1940 to 1944 in the Kingdom of Bulgaria. In various versions, that are often diametrically opposed, the persecution of Jews is presented using a hybrid mixture of facts from Bulgarian history of the same period (political, military, economic relations with Germany and Italy, the partisan resistance movement and relations with Soviet Russia, the specifics of political parties and political life in Bulgaria, actions of the Royal Palace and the Parliament), which either have nothing to do with the so-called ‘Jewish question’ or are only indirectly related to it. False theories of the ‘salvation of the Jews’ continue to be fabricated from this hybrid mixture of facts into an amalgam, which has many followers who believe these historical legends and myths over the past two decades. In this article I will look at some of these recent theories and discuss the reasons for their spread and, possible motives for the persistent desire within certain circles to impose on society these “alternate” interpretations of the salvation of the Jews.
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THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY FOR THE HOLOCAUST REMEMBRANCE: THE BULGARIAN CASEThe article examines the concept of memory policies in different perspectives. A central category of analysis is Holocaust remembrance policies and the role of the institutional approach for achieving sustainable results and developing values in the social environment. The reasons for the deficits in the memory of the Holocaust, the periodization in the stories about the Holocaust in Bulgaria and the importance of the factors of the political environment for the dynamics in the interpretations of the past are analyzed. The importance of reflection on the historical past, and in particular that of the Holocaust is considered in regard to the social and generational transfer of memory and attitudes.
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The main tendencies and features of the Holocaust memory policy in modern Russia are analysed in this article. Positive and negative factors in preserving the memory of the Holocaust are extracted that lie in the context of the memory of the Nazi occupation on USSR territory.
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The paper traces and analyses the main highlights in Hannah Arendt’s political ideas as reflected in her various writings. It examines her main concepts of politics, totalitarianism, power, freedom, and violence. With her interesting and unconventional research approach, she established a dominant position as a political thinker of the 20th century, and she continues to be a highly relevant and widely read author in the present day.
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The essay examines the history of female education in the Belgrade Sephardic community, as well as the modification of their traditional role in Jewish society as a result of the introduction of obligatory education for girls. Presenting some of the most important figures in the process, from the first Yali’s female teacher, Pijada Kapetanović, through Esther Russo to Paulina Lebl Albala, special attention will be paid to examining the possible influence of Judaism’s wellknown educational habits and traditionally more liberal attitude toward women on the emergence and development of Jewish women’s societies in Belgrade in the middle of the nineteenth century and the easier penetration of educational ideas within this community.
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Jewish literature in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the two world wars is not the result of a peaceful weaving of tradition, but a constant struggle of different forces that made certain writers and their works important and famous, and marginalized others. The founding of the Jewish newspapers in Bosnia and Herzegovina between two world wars opened the possibility for public debate, polemics, and numerous literary contributions in the Judeo-Spanish and Serbo-Croatian languages. These newspapers show how a field of Jewish literature was formed and how the success of some writers and the oblivion of others was influenced by what we can conditionally call political and which is always present in the structure of the field as a force that regulates, directs, and shapes it.
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In this paper, we will look into the work of Laura Papo Bohoreta, a Sephardic author who lived and created in the first half of the twentieth century. Given that all her works are written in her native JewishSpanish language, our goal in this work is to point out the specifics of her creativity, in order to bring it closer to a wider readership. We especially aim to emphasize her enlightening role, and the role of guardian of tradition, culture, and language which she created and inherited. A particularly important segment on which her overall creativity is based is the role of women in society at that time. With this work, we will show how Laura Papo, through her female characters and their struggle, paved the way for Sephardic women to achieve their intellectual development and the process of affirming a woman outside her home.
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The study aimed to examine the characteristics of Bosnian daily newspaper coverage of the Jewish community of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2005-2021. Content analysis of relevant journalistic messages (N=1173) was employed to examine the frequency of their appearance, positioning and formatting patterns, dominant thematic fields, distribution of voices, and overall tone. The results of the analysis point to the contradictory features of media coverage of the Bosnian Jewish community, the limited possibility to achieve "symbolic contact" with the minority community, and the affirmative context of presentation. The study yields empirically grounded insights that allow a better understanding of the process of journalistic coverage of minority groups in multi-ethnic states marked by the history of violent conflicts. The study highlights the relevance of the theoretical understanding of journalism as a performative practice that participates in the process of (re)defining symbolic boundaries between different social groups.
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When resuming its activities in postwar Poland, Tsukunft’s aim was first and foremost to reconstruct its pre-1939 structures, including the renewal of its publishing operations. After 1945, the youth organization revived the publishing house SIB and its main press organ, “Yugnt Veker”. The main purpose of these efforts was to bring back the Yiddish language, to mark its presence, and to resume work on the “Jewish street”. Attempts were also made to attract new members and sympathizers for the Bund’s youth organization. Brochures published by SIB and articles in “Yugnt Veker” provided information on the history of Tsukunft and the Bund, while periodicals also described the activities of regional Tsukunft organizations, were a platform for the political views of members of the youth organization on the current political situation of Jews, and polemicized against the Zionists.
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The dispute over ritual slaughter has been going on for years, not only in Polish discourse. It is commonly indicated that this practice is unethical and inhumane. However, this dispute completely ignores the Jewish perspective on this issue. Jews believe that this is the most humane method of slaughtering animals, and has been commanded by God for their protection from suffering. They emphasize that God’s law cannot be subject to change. The aim of this article is to prove that Jewish ritual slaughter is an ethical practice and permissible under positive law in Poland. The author also points out that the discussion on the admissibility of such slaughter is mainly based on economic arguments. The text, first of all, discusses what the shechita is, and then how the rules of the Torah protect animals from suffering. It also shows the current legal status regarding ritual slaughter, Poles’ beliefs regarding this subject as well as the social teaching of the Catholic Church on religious slaughter.
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Since the 1970s, a period marked by a massive aliyah1 of Soviet Jews to Israel, Russian-Israelis have created a distinct literary culture characterized by hybridity and translingualism. While most texts in this corpus are in Russian, they do not fall neatly into the categories of Russian metropolitan literature or literature of the global Russian diaspora. In their thematic repertoire, the range of human experience they reflect, and specific vocabulary they also claim affiliation within Israeli literature. Even those writers from the former Soviet Union who made a linguistic shift away from Russian continue to navigate between literary traditions; their Hebrew has inherited cognitive models and interpretive approaches characteristic of Russian culture, and they project a view of reality that is essentially dualistic or "contrapuntal" (in E. Said's terms1 2). Such works as Boris Zaidman's novels Split Tongue and Hemingway and the Dead-Bird Rain, Alona Kimhi's books Victor and Masha, Weeping Suzanne, and I, Anastasia, or the original Hebrew poetry of Šivan Beskin represent an "accented," cross-pollinated version of Hebrew. This writing in-between the two tongues estranges both languages and at the same time establishes a dialogue between them and the cultural traditions they represent.
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This paper explores one of the most influential conspiracy theories of all time, as described in the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, by employing the method of structural analysis. The “master myth” of the Protocols represents a basic structure of the conspiracy narrative, whose motifs were subsequently modified throughout the 20th and 21st centuries according to current events and moods. However, to understand the pamphlet as a whole, it is also important to shed a little light on its specific historical context and the religious, political, and social fervour of the time, which eventually gave rise to this text. The text is one we can still consider a blueprint of contemporary conspiracy narratives about the global cabal that occupies a prominent place within the modern conspiracy culture.
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The aim of this paper is to present a profile of literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki (1920–2013), who lived on the borderland of three cultures: Polish, Jewish, and German. The paper attempts to reconstruct the main phases of Reich-Ranicki’s life in Poland, including an analysis of the critic’s interests and opinions about Polish literature, as well as his concept of a ‘spiritual homeland’.The status of M. Reich is studied in relation to the category of the alien commonly encountered in the discourse of the humanities. Reich’s strangeness is presented in three dimensions: space, culture and mentality. The paper also proves that it was the trauma of the Holocaust that had exerted the major impact on Reich-Ranicki’s personal memories and accounts.
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