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Threat as the derminant of safety

Author(s): Andrzej Wawrzusiszyn / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

Man's life depends on mant factors of social and biological character. Among numerous dangers the majority is the side effect of human civilisation thus, it is strongly connected with human life activity, morality, pro and anti social attitudes and behaviours in all important parts of existence such as: culture, politics, science, economy. Some threats however cannot be unambiguously assigned to human activity. The awareness that man is not able to set himself free from those threats, that they are included into human and environment nature, has become cammon. The author analyses the term "threat" from different perspectives introducing a thesis that it implies adequate type of security.

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Risk of sexual abuse of minors and combating this phenomenon with special activities conducted by the Police

Author(s): Andrzej Czop,Jacek Gałuszka / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

Sexual abuse of children has been committed for a long time. However, only a few years ago, it stopped being a taboo and has been the area of interest of the general public, the subject of research, studies, publications, films and documentaries. This phenomenon is outrageous for the society, which makes it much more of an intrest of the government, as well as local authorities and non-governemental organizations which, within their capabilities and comprtencies, make various kind of actions. Sexual violence committed against children and adolescents occurs in every social group, not just in dysfunctional families. Disclosure of sexual abuse cases against children is one of the most difficult tasks that the Police is facing right now. The diverse actions taken by the Police, non-governmental organizations and other institutions have given great results and are raising the need to report crimes of sexual nature, patricularly when the victims of such crimes are the minors.

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Aesthetics of Every Day Reality in Safety Culture

Author(s): Dorota Ambroży / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

One of the subjects of interest within the safety culture can be the axiology of human physical activity and other related issues such as movement, fitness, health and beauty of the human body. The aim and character of activities in the area of body axiology are the followinf: a descripton, interpretation and examination of findings addressed to human carnality, which are sensible, and therefore valuable. It is the value which makes sense for the subject, in each single dimension and site of its existence, regardless of what is the true knowledge or perception about it. Thus, consequently, the value includes all positive, necessary and beneficial aspects of endeavors shaping carnality as well as evoking suitable responses in axiological actions. In reference to humans, they cover various physical exercies based on customized workout bringing expected results in a form of a beautiful body. The value is therefore not only in what we are experiencing but also in what we want or expect to experience in the future. These values provide n answer to human dreams, desires and goals. As a result, the dream of beautifully shaped body could occur as a desirable value in a sefety culture.

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An agent in the Slovak criminal law

Author(s): Stephen Kočan / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

We encounter different terms to label an agent in literature. Even the national legislation does not use a single term. Most ofen we encounter sych terms as "covert investigator", "secret police", "undercover cop" or "secret agent". Not only there is not a single term to refer to this in practice, but vast majority of states differently regulate the specific conditions of usage. This results in different situations and problems in the area of organized crime, which also determines the different police and judicial practice of this institution. For these reasons, we discuss the problem in different arrangments to solve this problem.

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Security and Protection of Information in Comercial Law Relationships

Author(s): Mojmir Mamojka,Janko Jesenský / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The article addresses the protection of information in relationship that are entered in pursuant to commercial law and are expressed in the concepts of trade secrets, confidential information and an independent obligation to preserve confidentiality. The author points to differences between these concepts in theoretical and practical terms alike. He finds the basis for his reasoning in partinent case law and in drawing comparisons between previous and current options via-a-vis disputes involving the enforcement of rights to the protection of information.

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Energy security menagement

Author(s): Bartosz Soliński / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The article presents the process of managing energy security under national conditions. it presents the definitions of energy security and the impact of the planning process for its implementation. Shown dependencies clearly describe the impact on the economy of the State. Institutions involved and responsible for the security of energy are characterized. Their role in the process of safety management is defined and the model of menagement has been built.

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The Right to Special Annuity in Regard to the Social Security

Author(s): Mariusz Wieczorek / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The author presents certain legal aspects referring to the regulation concerning to competence of the Prime Minister to grant annuity and pension (special annuity and pension). According to the author, some doubts relating to the subject in question stem from issuing the regulations in reference to the PM's entitlement in the legal act concerning the benefits of social character. The benefits dicussed in this dissertation are not of such charakcter, which results in various problems of applaying the special annuity/pension regulations. Persons, who due to specific reasons, do not comply with the requirements to be granted the annuity/pension of the social security may groundlessly believe that poorness they live in constitutes reason enough to acquire the right to the special annuity/pension. The author does not undermine the legitimacy of PM's competences functioning in the judiciary system and thus his right to grant special social benefits. However, he advocates that the regulations including the competence in question shuld be brought beyond the social security law. In this point of view, this will result in avoiding unauthorized conclusions such as the fact that special annuity/pension constitutes one of the benefits of social security. The author also emphasizes that fact that the legislator leaves too much space for the decisive body which predicates the right to special annuity/pension is based on objectively groundless reason.

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100 years of Ju-jitsu. From "Sokół" through scouting, the army, and police for health and defense in present Poland

Author(s): Wiesław Kisiel,Elżbieta Kosacka / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The failure of Polish insurrection in 1983 caused despair, moral and spiritual decay, and lack of hope of independence in the Polish nation. During that ime the idea of "Polish Sokół" came to life as an offshoot of the Czech "Sokół" movement. As a result, the organization was created in Lwów in 1867 and by the end of World war I the movement had its units ("nests") in all parts of Poland. The basic aims of this society were promotion of gymnastics and national revival in all parts of partitioned Poland. The group's goal was to develop fitness, both physically and mentally and to prepare young Poles to fight against aggressors. Some thought the "Sokół" society was created only to make Poland an independent country. Similarities and coincidence of historical and cultural context to Okinawa, Janpan can be found. This city was also occupied by an aggressor resulting in the creation of martial arts. People of Okinawa didn't have any weapons to defend against enemies leading to the birth of a new technique wich helped them to fight effectively.

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Relationships between sefety and the concept of "legal interest"

Author(s): Andrzej Zachęta / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

In the Polish legal order the protection of interests in ensured both by the provisions implementing legal liability (substantive law) and by the provisions that define conditions in hich the substantive law may be enforced (provisions cencerning the regime, litigation, organisation and order and also technical provisions). They include legal acts for the highest to the lowest level, that is form the Constitution of the Republic of Poland through international agreements, that become elements of internal law after they are ratified, codes snd other laws and executive acts with the main or supplementary task to ensure safety.

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Safety in yachting and motor boating

Author(s): Andrzej Ostrowski,Tadeusz Ambroży,Dariusz Mucha,Mirosław Juszkiewicz,Marek Strzała / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

There are mant different areas in which a human may improve the quality of his life due to his work, as well as to the proper usage of free time. An interesting example of the spreading of the idea of Modern Bushido is an interesting example of the processes of globalization. The authors of holistic training refer in their experiences to modern mushido, which is based on its main elements such as culture of honor, "learning with the whole body" and being close to the nature. The last elements is basic for gaining good health and appeasing psyche by aiming at slowing at slowing down.

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Prolegomena to a typology of wideley understood Martial Arts

Author(s): Katarzyna Jankowiak-Gumna,Krzysztof Jankowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The Land of the Rising Sun belongs to those which raise universal interest in other parts of the world. Despite the fascination that rich Japan culture arouses and considering the fact that Japan's cultural achievments in the extent of the Budo martial arts, this country has not been known by the West citizens yet. Laymen may perceive Japanese "martial arts" as a uniform whole, but in fact they not only do not make a compact "homogeneous" system but also are not a unitary phenomenon. Their values derive from the relations that combine human and nature. Ancient concepts, developed in a circles of ancient cultures of the Asia contient (the Far East) in different oeriods of its history, had a major impact on the shape of budo.

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Rail transportation - its security and threat of terrorism

Author(s): Robert Częścik / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2012

The phenomenon of terrorism, that is sometimes called a tool of political struggle is not limited in any way. We are presents in the coutries that have been specially affected by the plaque of terrorism, because of our political or economical operations. Polish diplomatic and commercial representative offices and missions are located all over the world, while Polish airplanes, ships and trans (or at least with Polish crew) travel thousands of kilometers. After Polish borders opened in 1989 we have been active tourist who reach the furthest places on Earth. Among other factors that significantly increase Poland's exposure to terrorism one should surely mention our membership in the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO),as well as the military involvement in Afghanistan and military and police activities during peace missions. Special meaning may also be assigned to the information that is published by the media form time to time about location of U.S. Army bases in Poland or secret prisons for terrorists located in Poland.

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Teaching constitutional Law to undergraduate Students of Administration and Security

Author(s): Wiesław Kozub-Ciembroniewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

The author endeavors to display the didactic process in undergraduate studies in administration and security. He emphasizesthe legitimacy and the understanding of trans-political functions of the law. The article also discusses the legal and constitutional notion of liberty and security, which students do not find obvious. moreover, he puts forward some methods that make lectures in constitutional rules more accessible to students.

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The Reform of the Area Freedom, Security and Justice of the European Union in the Treaty of Lisbon

Author(s): Janusz Józef Węc / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

In view of the recent reform of the area of freedom, security and justice in the Eropean Union as it is condified in the Treaty of Lisbon, passed on 13 december 2007, this paper analyzes the changes put forward by the new legislation. beginning with the system of the Treaty regulations, in goes on to provide a general outline of the changes in the six polices within this area: visas, asylum, immigration, judicial cooperation.

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Modernity, Tradition and Security in Budo Karate

Author(s): Tadeusz Ambroży / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

The authors describe budo karate as one of the aspects of safety culture. Nowadays, there are three pillars of karate: traditional karate, sports and self-defense. Karate is a particular field of physical culture that forms the foundation for all three pillars of safety culture: the menthal, organizational and material pillar. Karate meets the modern expectations of increasing the quality of life, feeling of security and protection against the dangers of the modern world. The authors also note that all style karate is a system that symbiotically combines tradition with appropriately construed modernity, while simulataneously enabling self-fulfillment.

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Self-regulation of private Military corporations - the Optimal Solution?

Author(s): Kaja Kowalczewska / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2013

The article carries out the two track analysis. The first part discusses the complexity of the private military companies' regulation in the light of modern changes of the warfare and cncerns raised on the possibe violations of international humanitarian law and human rights. The second part describes the Swiss Initiative (with focus to the Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers) established by the main stakeholders. The article aims to present to which extent the bottom-up initiatives may satisfy the legal standards of industry legulation.

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European Union - Police and Customs cooperaton. A historical perspective

Author(s): Isabel Maria Freitas Valente / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2013

The aim of this essay is to present the development and current state of Police and customs cooperation within the EU. Therefore, we present the subject in chronological order since the creation of the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community (1957) until the Treaty of Lisbon (2007). And we argue that the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice can only make sense when the three components are present, without detriment to any.

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The creation of the Kingdom of Croatia in 1941 on the pages of the periodical "L'Illustrazione Italiana"

Author(s): Antonio Violante / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2013

With the May 18th 1941 agreement, the fascist Italy recognized the institution of the Kingdom of Croatia, and had also designated Aimone di Savoia as its sovereign, that was suppose to found a new dynasty, able to guide the country towards a renaissance, after twenty years of the Croatian population’s being tormented ever since Versailles. This study does not aim to analyse the historic context that has seen the birth and formation of this new state, tightly allied with the Axis powers, and also limited by their political and territorial interests, nor does it aim to investigate its ephemeral existence which ended with Germany’s defeat; but it does aim to verify how the creation of this political subject was treated by the periodical “L’illustrazione italiana”, one of the Mussolini regime’s biggest means of propaganda. After an analysis of its articles dedicated to the Kingdom of Croatia, and after comparing that to the reality provided and documented by other sources, it shows how obviously the Italian state tried to acquire an hegemony on the Adriatic, all the while basing such intent upon historical and cultural motivations, and how this attempt was presented as both the result of an unbreakable friendship between Italians and Croats, and as an operation aiming to guarantee a new European order in the name of the justice. The reality was, as it is well known, that even though the Kingdom of Croatia was born as an Italian protectorate, during its short existence it “slipped” slowly towards German influence, considering the incompatibility between its own and the Italian geopolitical interests.

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The EU's nation of territoriality: the "Westphalian memory" vs. the ''New Empire". Concequences for the Macro-regional Dimension of the Adriatic Sea Region

Author(s): Alessandro Vitale / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2013

The creation of the European Union in 1992 reflected an attempt to rethink some of basic modern political concepts as national sovereignty and citizenship. But in recent years the European spatial development policy discourse has taken an evident territorial character with the enforcement of the idea of territorial cohesion and territorial continuity. The spatial predominant EU’s conception contributes to an evident emergence of a modern territorial building of the European space. Moreover, nowadays the instrument of hard and closed border and the sharp inside/outside dichotomy are accepted as the normality in Europe. Due to this notion of territoriality, the idea of the EU as a “non-Westphalian new empire” (according to the “neo-medieval paradigm”) is at least unrealistic. Its borders are getting more territorial, physical and visible, in deep contrast with an imperial historical structure. Hard border policies and practices on the borders mirror the existence of a de facto barrier and of a deep “Westphalian memory” in the way to use the territory as support of political unity. The EU’s drive to re-territorialise Europe is not a mere academic question; it has real consequences for people and places. Supra-nationalism reveals itself as a metaphor of “re-territorialization”, a paradox with strong political and economic consequences. In the macro-regional dimension of the Adriatic Sea region the EU’s “re-territorialisation” can impede seriously the cooperation across the EU’s external borders.

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THE FOUNDATIONS OF LAW AND SECURITY CULTURE IN JAPAN

Author(s): Andrzej Czop,Marek Sokołowski / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2013

The paper shows the crucial elements of the Japanese spirit of law and security culture. Since the 1950s, the USA and European countries have witnessed global expansion and huge popularity of the phenomenon of Budō (Far-Eastern martial arts). The rules and traditions of martial arts favorably influence the field of security culture. For instance, The Seventeen-Article Constitution proposed ethical principles whose purpose was to ensure the security of the state and its residents. This document, coined by prince Shōtoku in 604, was based on both Confucianist and Buddhist teachings, which by that time were well rooted in Japan. The Constitution included a principle stating that each person was part of a group, and should live in harmony with other members of the society. Most importantly, the documents instructed that morality should precede law. This notion is very close to the idea of natural law that should be the basis for statutory law. The Articles are also considered to be the first Japanese constitution.

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