HISTORIA W DYPLOMACJI PUBLICZNEJ

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Pojęcie dyplomacji publicznej pojawiło się w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych w latach sześćdziesiątych XX wieku. Dyplomacja publiczna zaczyna się jednak znacznie wcześniej, bo właściwie już w połowie XIX stulecia. Historia tego zjawiska pokazuje, jak zmieniały się sposoby prowadzenia polityki zagranicznej i w jaki sposób wykorzystywano w niej „miękkie” zasoby państw. Tytułowe zagadnienie prezentowanej książki poświęcone jest nie tylko rozwojowi dyplomacji publicznej, lecz także zagranicznej polityce historycznej jako jej elementowi składowemu w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, w tym także w Polsce. Autorami Historii w dyplomacji publicznej są pracownicy i współpracownicy Zakładu Komunikowania Międzynarodowego Instytutu Studiów Międzynarodowych Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. Zakład ten, którym kieruje prof. Beata Ociepka, już od niemal piętnastu lat prowadzi badania nad dyplomacją publiczną, stając się najbardziej wyspecjalizowanym ośrodkiem w tej dziedzinie w Polsce.

DYNAMIKA SPORU.PROTESTY ROLNIKÓW W III RZECZPOSPOLITEJ

Author(s): Grzegorz Foryś / Language(s): Polish

Studium Grzegorza Forysia to pierwsza tak kompleksowa próba opisu i wyjaśnienia protestów rolników w Polsce w okresie transformacji ustrojowej. Mamy do czynienia z dziełem dojrzałym, stanowiącym ważny przyczynek do najnowszej historii społeczeństwa polskiego. Książkę należy ulokować na przecięciu kilku przynajmniej subdyscyplin socjologii: socjologii transformacji czy szerzej – zmiany społecznej, socjologii polityki, wreszcie socjologii ruchów społecznych. Jest to z całą pewnością praca, która wpisuje się w debatę nad zasadniczymi mechanizmami przeobrażeń poszczególnych kategorii społeczeństwa polskiego w procesach postkomunistycznej transformacji. z recenzji prof. dr. hab. Krzysztofa Gorlacha

Slovenské národné povstanie a politická pamäť

Author(s): Elena Mannová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Ako druháčka som si v septembri 1959 na prvú stranu zošita tzv. vecného učiva opísala z tabule tento text: „Slovenské národné povstanie bolo 29. augusta v Banskej Bystrici. Partizáni obetovali tu svoje životy za našu slobodu.“ Nalepila som si k nemu vystrihnutú kresbu dvoch vojakov, za ktorými vlaje československá a červená zástava. Dostala som za svoj výkon jednotku. Dnešné listovanie náhodne objaveným zošitom odhalí, ako sa školské pripomínanie politicky preferovaných javov svojsky a zámerne preplietalo s výkladom o javoch každodenného života. Po Povstaní s nami preberala súdružka učiteľka Deň baníkov, Koniec leta, Čistotu pol života, Deň československej armády, Odlet lastovičiek, Výrobky z dreva, Deň znárodnenia, VOSR, Naše telo, Spomienky (na narodeniny súdruhov prezidentov Gottwalda a Zápotockého), Izbové rastliny, Gratuláciu (k narodeninám súdruha prezidenta Novotného), Divé zvieratá, pripomenutie úmrtia vodcu a učiteľa pracujúceho ľudu Lenina, Február 1948, Medzinárodný deň žien, Návrat vtáčikov, Prvý a Deviaty máj a Medzinárodný deň detí. Politická pamäť sa tak stávala súčasťou „normálneho“ ročného cyklu každého školáka, „sakrálny“ kalendár sa prelínal s bežným. Ak by som mala spomínať na neskoršie výročia Povstania, vynoria sa mi v pamäti červené tribúny a pred nimi v prvých radoch partizáni, ktorým postupne pribúdali medaily a ubúdali vlasy, a k tomu nekonečné reči o vedúcej úlohe strany. Jedinú zmenu som zaregistrovala koncom 60. rokov, keď sa na tribúnu dostali aj predstavitelia nekomunistického odboja, medzi nimi i moja babička. Okrem tohto krátkeho obdobia som považovala obsah osláv SNP počas reálneho socializmu za fixný a nemeniaci sa. Naša (a určite nielen naša) rodinná pamäť sa značne odlišovala od oficiálneho – zdanlivo monotónneho výkladu Povstania. Ten sa však v skutočnosti zásadne menil.

Les dérives du supportérisme au Maroc

Author(s): Abderrahim Rharib / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The drift of supportism in Morocco: The drifts of the supportorism have become recurrent, through this article, we propose to synthesize the provisions of Law 09-09 which addresses violence and vandalism in stadiums to show the difficulties of its application, demonstrate the inadequacy of the police approach and make recommendations to make the show enjoyable again.

Vesti iz Kulture

Author(s): Ivan Čolović / Language(s): Serbian

Věrní a rozumní: Kapitoly o ekologické zpozdilosti

Author(s): Hana Librová,Vojtěch Pelikán,Lucie Galčanová,Lukáš Kala / Language(s): Czech

This book follows the successful titles The Colourful and the Green: Chapters on Voluntary Simplicity and The Half-Hearted and the Hesitant: Chapters on Ecological Luxury. The author poses the question of why, at a time of continuing devastation of nature, people’s interest in nature conservation has been decreasing. Are the media to blame, or is our numbness toward ecological problems perhaps rooted in our mental makeup that tends to supress unpleasant realities? The author also wants to find out why some people have remained faithful to nature. To get to the answers, she applies sociological, philosophical, psychological, and theological perspectives. An unexpected question then arises that may surprise some readers: Why should we actually protect nature when it can take care of itself? It is not weak – it is strong and cruel. Librová’s students Vojtěch Pelikán, Lucie Galčanová, and Lukáš Kala interview the children of “the Colourful,” too: Have they inherited their parents’ modest lifestyle? Version with Bohdan Lacina’s illustrations.

Strong local press versus weak local press in local relations. A comparative case study of two weeklies in Poland

Author(s): Sylwia Męcfal / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The local media market in Poland developed in very particular social conditions, conditions which Nowak (1979, 1981) described as a social void. As a result, it might be presumed that it was more likely that the new forms of society (including local media) were formed on the basis of the bonding type of social capital rather than the bridging type. This might be one of the reasons why tight and complex relationships between the local media and other social actors still exist. This chapter is focused upon the local press, more precisely on the relations between the local press and other local institutions and local actors. The main aim of my research was to recreate a specific local setting (Lofland, Snow, Anderson, & Lofland, 2009) and to interpret the observed links between subjects.

The public and local media journalists: an expected relationship

Author(s): Cassandre Burnier / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In a hyper-competitive media context (Charron & de Bonville, 2004), the news consumer is confronted with a wide range of media content, offers and formats. This is why audience capture and retention have become crucial issues for the success as well as survival of media companies (Demers, 2012). “Knowing one’s readers” is a recurring maxim in journalistic discourse (Montañola & Souanef, 2012) and forces the agents of news production to get better at understanding who their readers are. However, their understanding remains largely limited to audience studies and other statistics (circulation figures, online traffic data, etc.) in order to quantify and increase the audience (Anciaux, 2015). As for the sociology of the publics, publics are usually unilaterally defined from a media-centred perspective, meaning the readers for the newspapers; the viewers for the television, etc. This way of thinking “does not allow to take into account the tastes that connect the individuals to the consumption of this kind” (Figeac, 2009, p. 68). There is therefore a lack of knowledge in understanding media audience more complexly. This linear way of conceiving media practices does not allow one to analyse them from a multi-media point of view: in other words, the television researchers analyse television consumers; the press researchers analyse press readers, etc., yet the practices of the publics are multiple and often at the same time multi-dimensional.

Nisu svi (bili) slijepi

Author(s): Tomislav Jakić / Language(s): Croatian

Knjiga kolumni Tomislava Jakića sugerira istinitost činjenice pretočene u naslov: Nisu svi (bili) slijepi. Pred onim što se dešava unaokolo po svijetu i kod kuće. Nisu slijepi ni svi oni kojima se serviraju laži i neistine pored zdravih očiju ni oni koji te laži i neistine šire – novinarski. Mnogi među “kupcima ponuđenih magli” vjerojatno i slute da su istine negdje drugdje, ali teško pronalaze dokaze za ispravnost tih svojih šutljivih slutnji. Podjednako tako nije malo ni novinara koji razumijevaju da su plaćeni da bi širili neistine, ali prodavanje duše nije više ni blizu stvar profesionalne časti kao nekada, već nova realnost u cijelom svijetu. Oni među novinarima koji ne pristaju na tu realnost i znaju što se može znati, to nastoje da artikuliraju na pošten i zanatski jasan način. Takvi, iako su daleko od većine, nisu spremni na prodaju vlastitog ljudskog i profesionalnog digniteta. Oni i dalje više vjeruju vlastitim očima, činjenicama, iskustvu i pameti nego ciljanim nalozima. Nažalost, i u nekada istinski respektabilnim medijima na cijeloj planeti sve ih je manje. Uostalom, izmanipulirane “istine” odavno nisu tek namjenska piljarska laž, već prije cilj novinarstva projektiranog interesa. [...]

Extremist Communication Capabilities in North Africa and the Sahel

Author(s): Andreea Stoian Karadeli / Language(s): English

The complex nature of the threat of terrorism caused by groups active in North Africa and the Sahel requires effective information to prevent, detect, and eventually investigate all criminal activities related to their areas of interest. In the Maghreb-Sahel region, more than in any other place, the boundary between the two main Salafi-jihadi groups – al-Qaeda and ISIS – is porous at best and non-existent at worst. While borders between these Salafist religious spheres can be hard to define, they are tangled with contextual and interest-based factors, thereby transforming the regional jihadi ecosystem into a challenging mosaic. The main aim of this research is to map the communication capabilities of terrorist groups in North Africa and the Sahel, taking into consideration the local context as well as to identify and categorise the specific means used to disseminate propaganda in each country / region by contextualising the material produced in / for / about African Jihadism by both al-Qaeda and ISIS groups. Bearing in mind that terrorism functions as a communicative act, the groups’ multilevel communication capabilities are a core element of the jihadi phenomenon in North Africa and the Sahel.

Fact-checking and Debunking. A Best Practice Guide to Dealing with Disinformation

Author(s): James Pamment,Anneli Kimber Lindwall / Language(s): English

Misinformation and disinformation disseminated online are a relatively recent phenomena, as are initiatives developed to limit the effect of such content. Questions remain over the effectiveness of two key counter-measures, fact-checking and debunking. This report makes a start in examining best practice: what it is, who does it and how it might be evaluated. Today’s information environment is increasingly characterised by the spread of misinformation and disinformation. Misinformation refers to verifiably false information that is spread without any intent to mislead. Disinformation refers to the creation, presentation and dissemination of verifiably false information for economic gain or to intentionally deceive the public. Whether it be published in a news article or an online blog, broadcast from a newsroom or government press conference, misleading and false information is frequently produced and reproduced, both intentionally and unintentionally.

Introduction: Russia’s Approach to (ab)use of History

Author(s): Ivo Juurvee / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study deals with the growing trend of Russia’s use of historical propaganda to further its foreign policy goals. It contains chapters written by experts in the field in the respective countries of Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Poland. The methodological aspects of the project were discussed in detail during a seminar in Riga on 11 December 2018. It was agreed that, for the integrity of the compendium, at least the central theme should be commonly understood as Jowett and O’Donnell conceptualise it: propaganda is a deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Its systematic nature requires the longitudinal study of its progress. Because the essence of propaganda is its deliberateness of purpose, considerable investigation is required to find out what this purpose is.

Hostile Narratives and Their Impact: The Case of Latvia

Author(s): Māris Cepurītis,Austris Keišs / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Narrative often is compared to a story. But authors of NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence distinguish in their publication ‘Improving NATO Strategic Communications Terminology’ between a story and a narrative, defining story as ‘a temporally, spatially, and casually connected sequence of events’ and a narrative as ‘morals drawn from stories’. Consequently, stories are a way how narrative is communicated and shared between individuals. It is formed and maintained in human memory. In social and political context, narrative can be described as a framework that allows humans to connect apparently unconnected phenomena around some causal transformation.

POLITIKAI KULTUSZ ─ VEZÉRKULTUSZ

Author(s): Gábor Gyáni / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

What kind of social or psychological context can be sketched as a background of political cults in the 20th century? The need for a leader appears only when an overwhelming desire cannot be fulfilled by ordinary means. In these periods human beings not only fire up but also personify this desire. The collective craving is realized in a leader. In the society of our days the ritualization of political life deprives the individual of his autonomy. The charisma is rooted in the relationship between the individuals and is spread by the media, as well as penetrates the masses (Hitler, Stalin).

Texas’ Teens Face a Social Media Ban: A New Start or a Recipe for Destructive Isolation?

Author(s): Daniel Kurz,Spencer Jahng / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Texas State Legislature has been dominated by the Republican Party for over a decade, with solid majorities in both houses. This has enabled it to rapidly take ideas from the so-called ‘Conservative Public Sphere’ and enact them into genuine policy in very short periods of time. In other words, when prominent Texas Republicans think out loud, it is not very long until many of those thoughts become law. Just this June, the conservative Texas Public Policy Foundation called for a ‘Social Media Ban’ based on its own research. According to the Foundation, teens should be totally barred from using all platforms in this sphere until they are adults due to the immense harm they pose to young people. Within a few weeks, major Texas Republicans echoed this sentiment on social platforms like Twitter, with one, Representative James Patterson, going the furthest. He has pledged in the next session to introduce a bill aimed at shutting off social media access to all Texas teens in 2023. (Whiting 2022). In this short paper, we will try to consider what accounts for the enormous speed of radical policymaking. Do these aims go beyond mere protection and exceed the First Amendment rights of teens? How will such a ban be enforced? What are the potential complexities and impact of such a change on the lives of Texas teens?

PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT SYNDROME AMONG FEMALE TEACHING STAFF IN LATVIA

Author(s): Jeļena Budanceva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

During the pandemic and war in Ukraine, the issue of teaching staff burnout has become very topical. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of burnout of teachers and lecturers and to find out how age, work place and seniority are correlating with level of burn out. To achieve the goal, the questionnaire was developed based on MBI-NL-ES burnout inventory (n=185). It was concluded that Latvian teachers are under high burnout syndrome, especially those who are working in primary and secondary schools from 10 to 15 years.

Fake News

Author(s): Dan-Ion CĂLIN,Alexandru BARCAN,Ciprian Eugeniu CONSTANTIN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The terms "fake news" and "falsehood" have become ubiquitous in contemporary society. They influence or alter the way in which people perceive reality. The challenge of combating fake news lies in its ability to evade detection and capture the attention of a growing number of individuals. It has the potential to alter the way reality is perceived, impact the reputation of institutions and organisations, and even pose a threat to national security by influencing perceptions of values and risks. In today's context, fake news has emerged as a significant vulnerability, with the potential to be exploited as part of hybrid warfare strategies. One proposed method for combating the spread of fake news is the development of critical thinking skills that are specifically designed to identify such information and mitigate its influence on personal beliefs and values.

The Importance of Combating Fake News and its Impact in the Digital Age

Author(s): Gabriel-Virgil TAUBER,Sergiu-Adrian VASILE / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In an era of massive digitization and technologization, information represents the quintessence of success on all levels and in all fields. With a major power and influence in achieving success, disinformation, however, gains in the last period of time more followers who, through different methods and means, manage to manipulate and control different social categories in order to achieve the intended goal. There is currently a risk that a piece of information (fake news) will cause harm and damage not only at the individual level but also at the macro level, destabilizing order and national security. As we will show in this article, with the help of artificial intelligence, with the help of each individual, among cooperation at the international level and among an education appropriate to the century in which we live, we can hope to counteract and diminish this phenomenon that it can also have geopolitical consequences and more.

Aktivizam u ženskom pokretu u Bosni i Hercegovini ‒ Izazovi, iskoraci i društvene promene

Author(s): Zlatiborka Popov-Momčinović / Language(s): Serbian

Do potrebe za novom studijom o aktivizmu u ženskom pokretu u BiH došlo je iz nekoliko razloga. Od objavljivanja knjige Ženski pokret u Bosni i Hercegovini – artikulacija jedne kontrakulture prošlo je deset godina, te je u tom smislu prepoznata potreba da se da svojevrsni hommage ženskom aktivizmu u civilnom društvu. Aktivistkinje prepoznaju da je važno da se njihova iskustva beleže i stalno invociraju s obzirom na to da ih dominantne politike potiskuju ili nekad pokušavaju i zarobiti i zloupotrebiti. U svom aktivističkom delanju i one same često zaboravljaju na sebe te ih, kako je navela jedna aktivistkinja, „istorija guta“, i na kraju imamo samo muškarce. Iskustvo muškaraca nastoji se prikazati kao univerzalno i, navodno, rodno neutralno, i kroz ovaj heteronormativni pristup potiskuju se ženska iskustva ili se pak smeštaju na margine i u fusnote društveno-političkog života. Često sam i u ličnim susretima sa aktivistkinjama i u različitim prilikama čula pitanje kada ćemo imati „novi pokret“, što ne tumačim kao nastanak radikalno drugačije studije, već nove i bar delom drugačije.

From Republics to Reichs: The Origins of Nazi Paramilitarism in Interwar Germany

Author(s): Matthew Wu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Weimar Republic, through its victories against the early insurrections aimed at taking down the imposed republican state, showed that the Republic was able to survive on its own. However, opposition to republicanism remained very much alive underground through certain radical political parties and paramilitary organizations. This paper will analyze both left and right-wing opposition to the Republic, which were both not strong enough to overthrow it, but did force its supporters into underground paramilitary organizations that contributed to the Nazi takeover. First, this paper will show how the Kapp Putsch was a manifestation of monarchist discontent against the fledgling republic. Second, it will elaborate on socialist opposition against the Weimar government, as seen through the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Third, it will explain the phenomenon of paramilitarism as an outgrowth of anti-republicanism and cyclical brutalization. Finally, it will explain how the Nazis’ Sturmabteilung (SA) utilized paramilitary members from both the left and right-wings to fill its ranks and overthrow the Weimar Republic.