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Zmeny vo vzťahu „človek – zviera“ ako prejav nových postojov k prírode

Author(s): Roman Holec / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Na začiatku 18. storočia ešte nepredstavovala príroda žiadnu tému. Prví osvietenci jej boli úplne vzdialení a predovšetkým nedotknutá a divá príroda nevzbudzovala medzi nimi žiadnu pozornosť. Bola totiž prejavom chaosu, smrti a odvrá- teným opakom civilizácie. Ak sa o nej hovorilo, tak hlavne v zmysle jej podrobenia a ovládnutia človekom. „Dobytie“ a ovládnutie prírody bolo záležitosťou predovšetkým vedy. Franklinov objav, že blesk je len veľkým elektrickým výbojom a dá sa umelo vyrobiť v laboratóriu sa vnímal ako víťazstvo človeka nad prírodou. Na adresu Benjamina Franklina (1706 – 1790) sa tvrdilo, že „tyranom odňal žezlo a nebu blesk“.

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Composting in Macedonia – Sound Alternative or Just a Rotten Idea?

Author(s): Karolina Pendovska / Language(s): English

In the European Union (EU) with 497 million inhabitants, biowaste accounts for 30-45% of the municipal solid waste (MSW). While in Macedonia, a country with only two million inhabitants has biowaste percentages near the percentage of the EU - 26.2%. In Macedonia biowaste includes waste materials with organic (animal and vegetal) origin, like household waste, then restaurants, canteens food waste and green markets waste, as well as in the rural municipalities, agricultural wastes, wastes from livestock activities, gardening wastes and forest residues. Due to the high water content, high density (except for green waste which has low density) and the high putrescibility of this waste stream, it is crucial to be involved in integrated, sustainable waste management. The MSW and its biowaste stream produced in Macedonia is landfilled (at official landfills) and dumped at thousands of illegal dumpsites. Furthermore, there is no separate collection of biowastes, only separate collection of paper as biowaste is realized by the communal enterprises. Additionally, the rural communities with main agricultural activities do not have official waste collection systems. The treatment of the agriculture wastes depend solely on the treatment practices of the farms. Because the agriculture sector in Macedonia lacks the Good Farming Practice (GFP), non compliance to basic technical and environmental requirements is often the case with the macedonian farms. This leads to pollution of soils, water courses and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) on the long run.

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Is Macedonia Ready to Start Negotiations for EU Membership Regarding Chapter 27?

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Macedonia as Western Balkan country is a challenging “bite” for the European Union (EU). This policy brief examines the integration efforts of Macedonia in the sphere of environment. Our aim is to bring different perspective in the public perceptions of the Chapter 27 as part of the EU integration processes. In times of global recession, environmental policy is often neglected as it is seen as a big spender of budget resources. Therefore, this paper aims to bring environment to the fore and focus public attention on Macedonia’s performance in the environmental sector, because of its noted substantial changes and progress. By doing this, we propose to propel a brighter view of both the state of the Macedonian environment and the progress with EU approximation. Through a comparative analysis, the brief also lays out the challenges and obstacles of the reform process in the environmental protection of the pre‐accession period of Slovakia and Croatia. As a new EU member state Slovakia was chosen in order to better identify the ways the country has dealt with the environmental barriers on the way to integration with the EU. Croatia is a current candidate state and as such shares many of the challenges Macedonia faces in the are of environment acquis approximation. Having advanced further on the road to EU membership, Croatia is a useful model for Macedonia.

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№255. US Climate Change Policy Efforts

Author(s): Dallas Burtraw / Language(s): English

Until recently, most of the attention in US climate policy was focused on legislative efforts to introduce a price on carbon through cap and trade. Since that policy has stalled, at least at the national level, the Clean Air Act has assumed the central role in the development of regulations that will reduce green house gas (GHG) emissions in the US. The modern Clean Air Act (CAA) was passed in 1970 and conveys broad authority to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop regulations to mitigate harm from air pollution. In 2007 the Supreme Court confirmed that this authority applied to the regulation of GHGs (Massachusetts v.EPA). Subsequently, the agency made a formal, science-based determination that GHGs were dangerous to human health and the environment, which compels the agency to mitigate the harm and forms the basis for the agency’s regulation of GHG emissions.

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Environmental Security in Central Asia

Author(s): Jos Boonstra,Nafisa Hasanova,Laura Rio,Sébastien Peyrouse,Marlène Laruelle / Language(s): English

Landlocked Central Asia is home to two major rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, as well as two inland seas, the Caspian and Aral. But water resources in the region are disputed. The Caspian Sea is heavily polluted and the Aral Sea is on the verge of extinction. Massive irrigation systems were developed in the past to sustain water-intensive crops such as cotton, wheat and rice in the steppes and deserts of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. These systems have caused Central Asia’s largest environmental disaster – the drying up of Aral Sea – and they have the potential to further threaten the livelihoods of Central Asia’s population.

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The Great Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia: The Conflict on the Nile Close to Resolution

Author(s): Jędrzej Czerep / Language(s): English

The dam on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia will be the largest in Africa, and one of the world’s largest hydropower installations. Egypt has been protesting against its creation since 2011, fearing that it would run out of water for its population and agriculture after the construction of the dam. Now, close to the start of operations to fill the dam, the parties to the dispute are close to concluding an agreement decreasing the risk of conflict.

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Tama Wielkiego Odrodzenia w Etiopii – konflikt o Nil bliski rozwiązania

Author(s): Jędrzej Czerep / Language(s): Polish

Budowana w Etiopii tama na Nilu Błękitnym – głównym dopływie Nilu – będzie największą w Afryce i jedną z największych na świecie instalacji hydroenergetycznych. Przeciwko jej powstaniu od 2011 r. protestuje Egipt, obawiając się, że w wyniku budowy zabraknie mu wody pitnej i na potrzeby rolnictwa. W przeddzień uruchomienia tamy strony sporu są bliskie zawarcia porozumienia, które oddali ryzyko konfliktu.

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COP25 Climate Summit in Madrid: A Bad Climate Forecast

Author(s): Marek Wąsiński / Language(s): English

Most of the rules for the functioning of the international climate protection system were established at last year’s COP24 climate summit in Katowice. The goal of COP25, which began in Madrid, on 2 December, is to complete the negotiations. Despite the need for swift action to protect the climate, countries are not willing to declare new ambitious greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reduction targets.

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Szczyt klimatyczny COP25 w Madrycie – zła prognoza dla klimatu

Author(s): Marek Wąsiński / Language(s): Polish

Podczas zeszłorocznego szczytu klimatycznego COP24 w Katowicach ustalono większość zasad funkcjonowania międzynarodowego systemu ochrony klimatu. Celem COP25, który rozpoczął się 2 grudnia br. w Madrycie, jest dokończenie negocjacji. Pomimo konieczności szybkich działań na rzecz ochrony klimatu państwa nie są skłonne do deklarowania nowych ambitnych celów redukcji emisji gazów cieplarnianych.

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Changes in Estonia’s Climate Policy

Author(s): Kinga Raś / Language(s): English

Although in June, Estonia along with Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary blocked a political consensus statement in the European Council regarding the EU’s goal to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, in October, the country accepted the deadline. Estonia, despite relying on burning oil shale, has decided to embark on a difficult energy transition. This means that, among the EU Member States, support for ambitious EU climate policy is growing.

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Zmiany w polityce klimatycznej Estonii

Author(s): Kinga Raś / Language(s): Polish

Choć jeszcze w czerwcu br. Estonia wraz z Polską, Czechami i Węgrami zablokowała w Radzie Europejskiej konsensus polityczny w kwestii osiągnięcia przez UE neutralności klimatycznej do 2050 r., w październiku zaakceptowała ten termin. Mimo energetyki opartej na spalaniu łupków bitumicznych zdecydowała się zatem na trudną transformację energetyczną. Oznacza to, że wśród państw członkowskich Unii wzrasta poparcie dla ambitnej polityki klimatycznej UE.

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Protecting the Amazon Rainforest: Regional and Global Perspectives

Author(s): Marek Wąsiński,Bartłomiej Znojek / Language(s): English

The Amazon rainforest has particular significance in preventing climate change, so initiatives to protect the area are becoming an important reference for forest conservation across the world. The international dispute over the protection of the Amazon, triggered by the extent of wildfires a few months ago, highlights the growing challenge to reconcile global climate goals with Amazon countries’ economic and social development concepts. The determination and effectiveness in protecting the rainforest by these governments will depend on close cooperation, not only financial support but also political and economic pressure from partners outside the region.

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Ochrona Amazonii – perspektywa regionalna i globalna

Author(s): Marek Wąsiński,Bartłomiej Znojek / Language(s): Polish

Puszcza Amazońska ma szczególne znaczenie w zapobieganiu ociepleniu klimatu, a inicjatywy na rzecz jej ochrony stają się ważnym punktem odniesienia dla konserwacji lasów na świecie. Międzynarodowy spór o ochronę puszczy w związku z jej niedawnymi rozległymi pożarami pokazuje, że rosnącym wyzwaniem jest pogodzenie globalnych celów ochrony klimatu z koncepcjami rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego państw amazońskich. Determinacja i skuteczność ochrony Amazonii przez ich rządy będzie zależeć zarówno od bliskiej współpracy, w tym wsparcia finansowego, jak i od presji polityczno-gospodarczej partnerów spoza regionu.

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Cercetare privind comportamentul, motivațiile și așteptările turiștilor străini care au vizitat o țară din Europa de Est în ultimul an sau care intenționează să viziteze regiunea în următoarele 12 luni

Author(s): Bruno Stefan,Marin Burcea / Language(s): Romanian

The research conducted within the strategic project "Entrepreneurs in tourism - Pensions in Romania" was conducted between December 2011 and March 2012 on a sample of 5,000 foreign tourists who visited a country in Eastern Europe in the last year. He aimed to identify favorite tourist destinations, the motivations for their choice and satisfaction with the services received, knowledge of the decision-making process and factors that influenced the decision to visit Eastern Europe, knowledge of the problems faced by foreign tourists, identification of perceptions and stereotypes. of image regarding the Eastern European and Romanian tourist products and services in particular, establishing the profiles of foreign tourists for the products, services and tourist destinations in Romania.

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Національна безпека і оборона, № 128+129 (2011 - 10+11)

Author(s): Volodimir Sidenko,Sergey Shibanov,Zakhariy Varnaliy / Language(s): Ukrainian

QUALITY OF LIFE OF CRIMEANS - THE PURPOSE OF THE CRIMEA DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF ITS ACHIEVEMENT // SECTION 1. QUALITY OF LIFE OF CRIMEANS: STATUS, TRENDS AND PROBLEMS // MAIN ECOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC PROBLEMS OF CRIMEA // SECTION 2. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS OF THE AR OF CRIMEA: THEIR CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF ARC // SECTION 3. CRIMEA DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY: MEDIUM-TERM ECONOMIC CHALLENGES // BUDGET FORMATION AND INTERBUDGETARY RELATIONS IN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA // SECTION 4. ARC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND DOCUMENTS OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION: REALISTICITY, PROBLEMS AND RISKS OF ACHIEVING GOALS // ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS FOR THEIR RESPONSIBILITY TO THE GOALS AND PRIORITIES OF THE STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT OF AR OF CRIMEA // Appendix 1. METHODS OF CONDUCTING PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS // Appendix 2. GENERAL MAP OF IMPLEMENTATION RISKS STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE AR OF CRIMEA // SECTION 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

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ЗЕЛЕНЕ ФИНАНСИЈЕ - ТРЕНД КОНЦЕПТА ОДРЖИВОГ РАЗВОЈА

Author(s): Evica Petrović,Jelena Stanković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

In considering the perspective of the second-term survival and progress of mankind, the central place belongs to the concept of sustainable survival and progress of mankind. Sustainable development implies the exploitation of resources, investment management, technological development and institutional changes that must be consistent with the future, and not only with the needs of current generations. Considering the effects of excessive consumption of resources and destruction of ecosystems, the green economy has emerged as a shift in thinking and is considered one of the possible successful solutions to improve economic growth, 'while reducing resource consumption and preventing ecosystem destruction. The paper will analyze the economic aspects of sustainable development, as -well as its advantages and disadvantages. The emphasis will be on the analysis of the institutional component of sustainable development and its importance and key role in connecting and supporting the achievement of other sustainable development goals will be pointed out. The representation of inclusive institutions in a society that promotes the rule of law enables the security of private property, an impartial legal system and the creation of inclusive markets.

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УЛОГА ЈАВНИХ ФИНАНСИЈА У ПОСТИЗАЊУ ЦИЉЕВА ЗЕЛЕНОГ ЕКОНОМСКОГ PACTA И ОДРЖИВОГ РАЗВОЈА

Author(s): Branka Topić Pavković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The concept of the green economy is being promoted as a tool to achieve sustainable development, and the question of how to facilitate the green transition is becoming a global challenge for the coming period. On the other hand, recent climate disasters - extremely high temperatures in certain parts of the world, deadly floods, storms, extreme cold, fires, etc. - are more than enough signs that a change in lifestyle and awareness is needed and that concrete action is expected from those responsible. Governments are expected to increase public investment, mitigate the costs of more severe weather events, and use other fiscal tools in ways that facilitate and support private sector green transformation. However, recent crises and countries ’efforts to cushion new market shocks have called into question the momentum and future investments in greening. This paper focuses on unanswered questions and ways to address the challenges of greening in the future of the fiscal framework of national economies. Governments play a key role in catalyzing the technological innovation needed for an environmentally sustainable and decarbonized economy. Historically, government has a remarkable results of supporting key stages of technological innovation. This is particularly apparent for low-carbon energy technologies, where high-impact innovation is capital intensive and requires a long time horizon. The objective of this paper is to highlight the challenges that climate change poses for fiscal policy implementation and fiscal sustainability, 'while also highlighting some of the actions that developed countries have taken in this direction.

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ЗЕЛЕНЕ ОБВЕЗНИЦЕ ЛОКАЛНИХ САМОУПРАВА - КАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ, ТРЕНДОВИ И РАЗЛИКЕ У ПРИНОСИМА

Author(s): Miloš Grujić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Green bonds are relatively new instruments for financing environmentally friendy projects that have the potential to contribute to mitigating climate change, promoting sustainable development and encouraging green transition. However, there are challenges and controversies regarding the definition, standardization and reporting of green bonds and their price and yield compared to conventional bonds. The aim of the research is to study green bonds as fixed-income instruments used to finance environmentally friendy projects. The analysis included comparing the yields of green and non-green municipal bonds. The research results confirm a high positive correlation between the -yields of green and ordinary municipal bonds, indicating a similarity in their market behavior. The average -yield of green bonds was slightly lower than the average -yield of ordinary municipal bonds from mid-August 2016 to mid-July 2021 as in the period before, during and after the CO VID-19 -virus pandemic. However, the difference in -yield between green and ordinary municipal bonds is not statistically significant, indicating the absence o f a green premium or discount for these bonds. The findings are in line with one view of the relevant literature that suggests that green municipal bonds do not enjoy a special advantage or penalty in the market compared to similar conventional bonds.

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АНАЛИЗА УСПЕШНОСТИ ИЗВЕШТАВАЊА О ОДРЖИВОСТИ ВЕЛИКИХ ПРЕДУЗЕЋА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ

Author(s): Veljko Dmitrović,Miroslav Čavlin / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

In order to preserve the environment and social issues, there is a growing concern of stakeholders, and therefore they put pressure on companies to improve the quality of reporting on sustainable development and to increase their responsibility towards the environment. In any case, improving relations with stakeholders and significantly improving corporate reputation can contribute to adequate evaluation and disclosure of information about performance in the field of environmental protection and improving relations with society as a whole. The aforementioned has initiated many national governments to increase the scope of legal requirements for sustainability reporting. The traditional practice of classical (conventional) accounting is facing challenges brought about by the problems of sustainable development. There is a view on the part of certain authorities that the existing practice of classic (conventional) accounting should undergo serious changes in order to comply with the concept of sustainable development. On the other hand, there are justified opinions that classical (conventional) accounting cannot radically change its established rules for preparing financial statements, and there are justified opinions that classical (conventional) accounting cannot be expected to service all the needs of reporting on sustainable development. Therefore, there is a need to form a subvariant of classical accounting, called sustainability accounting

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SUSTAINABLE BIO-BASED COMPOSITES: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES

Author(s): Alina-Mihaela CEOROMILA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper explores BC-based materials for biomedical applications like wound dressings and drug delivery systems. Optimizing culture conditions can enhance BC production efficiency, while technological advancements in particle incorporation help overcome its limitations. These innovations improve BC’s physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, opening new possibilities for specialized applications.

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