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Hungary’s Post-2020 EU Budget Negotiations Strategy

Author(s): Veronika Jóźwiak / Language(s): English

Hungary’s main goal during negotiations of the next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), which are to start in May 2018, will be to maintain structural funds at the current level. Poland and other Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have a similar position. To accomplish this, Hungary has begun building its negotiating position as a pro-EU country, one that respects the rule of law and is ready to increase its contributions to the EU budget and participate in the future European asylum system.

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Exceptions Become the Rule: Internal Border Control Checks in the Schengen Area

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

The mass-migration crisis has exposed the weaknesses of the border protection system in Europe, encouraging Schengen member states to restore control over the zone’s internal borders. Checks inside the zone, which had been rare, are becoming the new normal. Moreover, Schengen member states are demanding a further loosening of the rules. Without clear progress in strengthening the EU’s external borders and finding compromise on reform of the common European asylum system, the Schengen zone is threatened with fragmentation. That carries a risk to Poland’s interests.

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Kontrole na granicach wewnętrznych strefy Schengen: wyjątki stają się regułą

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): Polish

Kryzys migracyjny obnażył słabości systemu ochrony granic w Europie, co zachęciło państwa członkowskie do przywrócenia kontroli na wewnętrznych granicach Schengen. Kontrole wewnątrz strefy, dotychczas rzadkie, zaczynają na stałe wpisywać się w jej krajobraz. Co więcej, państwa członkowskie domagają się dalszego rozluźniania układu. Bez wyraźnych postępów w zakresie wzmacniania granic zewnętrznych oraz znalezienia kompromisu w sprawie reformy wspólnego systemu azylowego strefie Schengen grozi postępująca fragmentacja. Niesie ona ryzyko dla interesów Polski.

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„Jedność poprzez równowagę” – przewodnictwo Estonii w Radzie UE

Author(s): Kinga Raś / Language(s): Polish

1 lipca br. Estonia objęła przewodnictwo w Radzie UE w nadzwyczajnym trybie – pół roku wcześniej, niż planowano – zastępując Wielką Brytanię. Będzie się starała wykorzystać takie elementy unijnej agendy, jak innowacyjna gospodarka, cyfryzacja i cyberbezpieczeństwo, do realizacji własnych interesów na arenie europejskiej. Z kolei szczyt Partnerstwa Wschodniego umożliwi Estonii aktywniejsze włączenie się w zewnętrzne działania UE. To, czy prezydencja będzie skuteczna, będzie zależało od powodzenia działań na rzecz koordynacji prac Unii w odniesieniu do kryzysu migracyjnego, a także od ustaleń w sprawie przyszłości finansów UE.

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Samorządy w Polsce wobec kryzysu uchodźczego

Author(s): Adriana Skorupska / Language(s): Polish

Pomimo wielu niewiadomych związanych z przyjęciem przez Polskę uchodźców w latach 2016–2017, pewne jest, że trafią oni do poszczególnych gmin, na które spadnie główna odpowiedzialność za integrację przybyszów z polskim społeczeństwem. Najprawdopodobniej zadanie to zostanie zlecone samorządom, kluczowe więc będą m.in. zagadnienia niezbędnych zmian prawnych i określenia źródeł funduszy na działania integracyjne. Niezależnie od terminu przybycia uchodźców do Polski, rząd powinien jak najszybciej włączyć do przygotowań partnerów społecznych i samorządy, by zwiększyć szansę na to, że integracja przebiegnie sprawnie i z uwzględnieniem interesu państwa oraz że skorzystają na niej społeczności lokalne.

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No Economic Migrants, Only “Real” Refugees: France’s Conditional Solidarity with the EU

Author(s): Nathan Dufour / Language(s): English

In absolute numbers, France has been relatively spared by the large increase in asylum requests in 2014–2015 in comparison with other EU countries. However, tensions in the country regarding the potential for integration of the refugees has led to general agreement among the main political parties for the need to halt inflows of so-called economic migrants. This indicates, that France will seek to limit its recent declaration of support for solidarity towards asylum seekers, notably by enforcing the EU’s return policy.

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On the Eve of the Eastern Partnership Summit in Riga: Progress in Visa Policy

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaca / Language(s): English

The Riga summit will bring decisions on visa liberalisation for Georgia, Ukraine and Belarus. A positive outcome will depend not only on the fulfilment of technical criteria, but also on the development of the situation in Donbas. The success of this process will depend also on the EU, which should facilitate further circular migration as well as to improve border infrastructure and the application of consular procedures.

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Przed szczytem Partnerstwa Wschodniego w Rydze: postęp w polityce wizowej

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaca / Language(s): Polish

Na szczycie w Rydze zostanie podjęta decyzja o liberalizacji wizowej wobec Gruzji, Ukrainy i Białorusi. Pozytywne rozstrzygnięcie zależeć będzie nie tylko od spełnienia kryteriów technicznych, ale też od rozwoju sytuacji w Donbasie. Jeśli wizy zostaną zniesione, Unia Europejska powinna opracować ofertę ułatwień w zakresie migracji zarobkowych oraz poprawić infrastrukturę graniczną i stosowanie procedur konsularnych.

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Exodus from Ukraine: The New Refugee Challenge for the European Union

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused a massive humanitarian crisis, both in that country and as the fastest exodus of refugees in Europe since World War II. The scale and dynamic of this migration pose a great challenge primarily to the neighbouring countries of Ukraine, which have little experience in accepting refugees and are not systemically prepared for it. To meet this challenge, they need both ad hoc and long-term support from the EU.

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Russian Attacks May Prompt Increased Refugee Flows from Ukraine

Author(s): Maria Piechowska / Language(s): English

Russia is continuing its intensive attacks on critical infrastructure in Ukraine. These are deliberate actions that violate international humanitarian law and are aimed at breaking the morale of Ukrainian society. Power outages mean that many towns and villages are not only without heating but also without water. Further devastation and the difficulty of repairs could trigger a humanitarian catastrophe. Most of the population will try to survive the winter in their current residences or by resettling in smaller towns. Increased refugee movement across borders, especially to Poland, is also possible.

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The Prospects for Changes in U.S. Policy towards Latin America

Author(s): Bartłomiej Znojek / Language(s): English

The Biden administration will seek to rebuild the U.S. reputation and influence in Latin America. It will strengthen cooperation with Latin American partners in the field of climate change and the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, among others. The pandemic and its socio-economic impacts will increase the scale of the challenges facing the U.S. in its relations with Latin America, including in migration and development cooperation. The Biden administration’s approach to the region may facilitate the U.S.-EU dialogue, for example, on efforts to overcome the political and humanitarian crises in Venezuela.

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“Great Green Wall” in Africa Closer to Implementation

Author(s): Jędrzej Czerep / Language(s): English

During an environment summit in Paris on 11 January, donors pledged $14.3 billion for the creation in Africa by 2030 of a “Great Green Wall”. This 8,000 km strip of vegetation is to extend from Senegal to Djibouti to prevent desertification of areas south of the Sahara. The programme also may stimulate employment and sustainable economic development in a region suffering from security crises and mass emigration.

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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on International Migration

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel / Language(s): English

The COVID-19 pandemic has halted the rising trend of international migration. It has disproportionately affected irregular migrants and refugees, as well as the economies of countries where economic migrants play a major role. The return to the pre-pandemic state is hampered by disparities in access to vaccines, different regulations on arrivals to many countries, a lack of coordination in the recognition of vaccination certificates, and in other areas. The EU can support the development of global standards for accepting certificates. It may also be interested in resuming discussions on changes to international agreements regulating migration and assistance to refugees.

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Ukrainian Labour Migration to the EU During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Maria Piechowska / Language(s): English

According to estimates by the International Organization for Migration, more than 5 million of the 42 million citizens of Ukraine remain abroad, the vast majority of them for economic purposes. The most significant direction of Ukrainian labour migration is the European Union. The COVID-19 pandemic has not resulted in massive returns of migrants to Ukraine - only about 10% of those already abroad in February decided to take this step. However, the pandemic made it more difficult for Ukrainians to leave the country in the spring-summer period when the demand for work in EU countries is usually the highest.

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Towards a New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

Conflicts between Member States over the relocation mechanism as well as the changing conditions of migration policy are delaying the adoption of the New Pact on Migration and Asylum. The strategy, apart from answering the question about the shape of the European asylum system, must weigh the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the situation of migrants and border management, instability in the EU’s neighbourhood and the long-term challenges related to economic migration. The document may define the shape of EU migration policy for many years or renew divisions over this topic.

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The Anti-Corruption Protests in Bulgaria

Author(s): Jakub Pieńkowski / Language(s): English

The anti-corruption protests in Bulgaria that have lasted for two months are not weakening. Marchers demand the depoliticisation of the prosecutor’s office and the dismissal of Prime Minister Boyko Borisov. After a decade in power, Bulgaria has the highest recorded level of corruption and the least media freedom in the European Union. Despite this, Borisov is not criticized by EU institutions or the largest Member States, which opt for stability in a country that lies on key migration routes over demanding devotion to high standards of democracy.

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NATO in the Face of Climate Change: Expectations and Opportunities

Author(s): Wojciech Lorenz / Language(s): English

Climate change exacerbates security threats to NATO states such as natural disasters, irregular migration, and local conflicts. It is also increasingly perceived by Alliance publics as one of the biggest civilisational challenges. Therefore, NATO’s commitment to combating the causes and effects of climate change will be an important element of strengthening public support for the Alliance and its political cohesion.

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Significance of Immigration for the Economies of Gulf Cooperation Council States

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): English

To limit international criticism of the living conditions of immigrants, Saudi Arabia and Qatar have lifted some restrictions regarding leaving the country or changing job without the consent of the employer. Lifting restrictions on immigrants in the Persian Gulf is part of efforts to reduce the role of the state in the labour markets. The changes are to contribute to combating unemployment among citizens, and thus contribute to maintaining stability in the region.

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№106: The Impact of EU Development Assistance on Egypt’s Migration Policy

Author(s): Maciej Pawłowski / Language(s): English

The EU treats Egypt as an important partner in countering irregular migration. Development aid is one instrument used. However, funds allocated to addressing the root causes of migration are not sufficient to effect changes in Egyptian migration policy. The observed decline of migration to the EU is, however, not a result of the aid given to Egypt but of tightened control over its borders for its own purposes. Measures to strengthen the Egyptian economy and protect the rights of migrants are necessary, but more important are the political stabilisation of the region and increasing development assistance for Horn of Africa countries.

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№108: Norway’s and Poland’s Experience with Migration: A Comparative Perspective

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska,Viljar Haavik,Morten Bøås / Language(s): English

Norway transitioned from a net emigration to a net immigration country decades earlier than Poland. However, as Poland rapidly undergoes this transformation, it seems particularly important to draw on the experience of other countries in shaping national migration policy that enables benefits both for the host country and immigrants. In this context, Norway may be seen as a source of inspiration in developing a national reception and integration system for migrants, as well as in programming development assistance. As a Schengen and European Economic Area member, Norway is also a partner in implementing EU migration policy.

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