Reformat e Menaxhimit Publik ne Evropen Qendrore dhe Lindore
Public Management Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe
Contributor(s): Geert Bouckaert (Editor), Juraj Nemec (Editor), Vitalis Nakrošis (Editor), György Hajnal (Editor), Kristiina Tõnnisson (Editor)
Subject(s): Governance, Public Administration, Developing nations, Social development
Published by: ASET Albanian Socio - Economic Think - Tank
Keywords: Public Management; Public Administration;
- Page Count: 310
- Publication Year: 2010
- Language: Albanian
Reformat në Sektorin Publik në Vendet e EQL: Hyrje
Reformat në Sektorin Publik në Vendet e EQL: Hyrje
(Public Sector Reforms in CEE Countries: Introduction)
- Author(s):Geert Bouckaert
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Developing nations
- Page Range:13-23
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:Public Sector Reform; The Reform Trajectories; The Performance of the Reforms
- Summary/Abstract:In an OECD report "Government of the Future" (2000) the question: Why is public management reform needed? - was answered in three ways. First, governments need to be accountable to society, in terms of accountability and more, better and faster services. Second, trust in governments needs to be restored. A third reason is that the role of governments is changing under new pressures, including the loss of government monopoly, greater competition and the opening up of societies and international structures.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik në EQL: Mësimet që u mësuan
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik në EQL: Mësimet që u mësuan
(Public Management Reforms in CEE: Lessons Learned)
- Author(s):Juraj Nemec
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:283-308
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:Public Management Reforms; Public Administration Reforms; Radical Reform;
- Summary/Abstract:The country studies presented in the central part of this book provide important information on public administration and public administration reforms in selected Central and Eastern European countries. In this chapter, we have attempted to summarize the main findings and formulate some conclusions from the perspective of the main idea presented in the introductory chapter.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Armenia
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Armenia
(Public Management Reforms: Armenia)
- Author(s):Vache Gabrielyan, Gayane Selimyan
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Public Administration, Developing nations
- Page Range:25-48
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Public Management Reforms; Socio-Demographic Changes; Socio - Economic Policies; Political System
- Summary/Abstract:Armenia is a small, mountainous country in Eurasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, located in the South Caucasus. Armenia, a former republic of the Soviet Union, is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state and one of the oldest and most historic civilizations in the world with a rich cultural heritage, as well as one of the first countries to adopt Christianity as an official religion. Armenia has experienced a deep economic crisis since gaining independence, which was conditioned by the collapse of key economic relations within the Soviet bloc and exacerbated by the blockade imposed by its two neighbors - Azerbaijan and Turkey.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Republika Çeke
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Republika Çeke
(Public Administration Reforms: The Czech Republic)
- Author(s):Petr Fanta, Markéta Fantová Šumpíková, František Ochrana
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:49-73
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:Public Administration Reform; Socio - Demographic Issues; Political System; Administrative System;
- Summary/Abstract:Historically, the Czech Republic has consisted of three parts – Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. Until 1918, the country belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. With the creation of Czechoslovakia - a new sovereign state of Czechs and Slovaks in 1918 - a new chapter, a new history for Czechoslovakia began. With a brief break during World War II, Czechoslovakia repeatedly tried to secede until it achieved an amicable separation in 1992. Since January 1, 1993, two sovereign countries have been created - the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Estonia
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Estonia
(Public Management Reforms: Estonia)
- Author(s):Kristiina Tõnnisson, Tiina Randma-Liiv
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:75-98
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Socio- Economic Policy; Political System; EU (European Union)
- Summary/Abstract:The Republic of Estonia has a population of 1.341 million (January 2008), spread over an area of approximately 45,227 square kilometers. Since regaining independence in 1991, Estonia, compared to other CEE countries, has pursued a unique and radical reform strategy to create a functioning democratic state. The reforms have had a strong market-oriented focus. The absolute size of GDP per capita is relatively modest: EUR 17,600 in 2007. Estonia has experienced steady economic growth since 2007, when it reached 7.1 percent. In 1996, GDP per capita in Estonia reached approximately 34.8 percent of the EU25 average, and when Estonia joined the EU in 2004, GDP per capita reached 51.2 percent of the EU25 average, at an average of EUR 6,266.6 at current exchange rates. In 2007, GDP per capita in Estonia in Purchasing Power Standards was approximately 70.8 percent of the EU27 average (Eurostat 2008).
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Hungaria
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Hungaria
(Public Administration Reforms: Hungary)
- Author(s):György Hajnal
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:99-124
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:Social Economic Factors; Political System; Administrative System; Reforms
- Summary/Abstract:In general, the sources, nature and strength of the influence of external economic factors are the same as those of the Central and Eastern European countries, which can be summarized as follows: 1) Total collapse of almost the entire COMECON trade network and production cooperation. In the case of Hungary, this means, first of all, the loss of markets in external economic sectors (agriculture and food products, certain segments of the machine and electro-technical equipment industry, etc.). 2) The economic and financial crises reached their peak in 1995/1996. International lenders (IMF, World Bank) played an important role in the overall growth – and especially in the liberalization of markets and production reforms in the external segments of the economy and in social policies. 3) Since the mid-1990s, a large number of multinational cooperations have started large investment projects in various sectors of the economy - often with 'high' technology. The pre-transition level of domestic well-being in terms of GDP per capita increased only towards the end of the decade, while indicators also showed an equal distribution of income, which began to improve a few years later.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Kazakistani
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Kazakistani
(Public Management Reforms: Kazakhstan)
- Author(s):Dinazat Kassymova, Colin Knox, Meirzhan Mashan
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:125-142
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:Social - Economic Factors; Political System; Public Administration;
- Summary/Abstract:Kazakhstan was established as an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation in August 1920 and in December 1936 it became the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Kazakhstan declared its independence on December 16, 1991, joining the Federation of Independent States. The years after independence were marked by significant reforms under the influence of the Soviet economic and political monopoly. Kazakhstan is the second largest Soviet republic (after Russia), with an area of 2.7 million km2 and a population of approximately 15.3 million, living in various territories bordering Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and the Caspian Sea.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Kirgistani
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Kirgistani
(Public Management Reforms: Kyrgyzstan)
- Author(s):Nuripa Mukanova, Damir Bisembin
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:143-168
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:Socio-Economic System; Socio-Demographic Issues; Socio-Economic Politics; Administrative Reforms; Decentralization;
- Summary/Abstract:Kyrgyzstan is one of the poorest and least developed countries, according to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index it is among the countries with the highest level of corruption (166). It is one of the countries with high debt. External debt reached a level of 62 percent of GDP in 2007. According to data from the Ministry of Finance and the World Bank, GDP per capita is 718 USD (nominal exchange rate with the dollar is 114) and the average pension is 31.5 USD. Inflation has increased from 2.0 in 2002 to 10.3 in 2007.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Letonia
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Letonia
(Public Management Reforms: Latvia)
- Author(s):Inga Bite Perceva
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:169-185
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Social-Economic Policies; Political System; Administrative System; The Implementation Process;
- Summary/Abstract:On 1 January 2008, Latvia had a population of 2,271,000. Between 1999 and 2008, its population decreased by 128,0001 inhabitants. According to forecasts by EUROSTAT (the European Statistical Institute), the population was expected to decrease again. This unstable demographic situation that had begun in 1991 was the result of two negative processes – the first, the decline in the birth rate and the aging of the population, and the second, the migration process. EUROSTAT predicted that the aging of the population would continue in the future. Another important factor that should also be taken into account is that the level of emigration is higher than that of immigration.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Lituania
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Lituania
(Public Management Reforms: Lithuania)
- Author(s):Vitalis Nakrošis
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:187-204
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Social-Demographic Problems; Socio-Economic Policies; Political System; Administrative System; Reforms; The Implementation Process
- Summary/Abstract:Since regaining independence, Lithuania has been under the influence of the following factors, which have been very important: the transition from a communist regime to a democratic country, the development of a market economy and integration into the EU, NATO and other international organisations. These factors have also shaped the reform of public administration in Lithuania since 1990. Lithuania is one of the poorest countries in the EU. Compared to the EU average, Lithuania's GDP per capita (in 2005, based on PPP) is 56.6 percent (ranking 23rd out of 25 EU countries). Lithuania is also the largest beneficiary of the EU budget, receiving assistance from EU funds. Lithuania was planned to join the euro area in 2007, but its application was opposed due to the extremely high and unstable level of inflation.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Polonia
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Polonia
(Public Management Reforms: Poland)
- Author(s):Marek Debicki, Anetta Jaxa Debicka
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:205-224
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Socio-Demographic Issues; Socio-Economic Policies; Political System; Administrative System
- Summary/Abstract:The major social developments after 1989 involved fundamental social transformation. The peaceful "revolution" of Solidarnosc had a fairly limited number of objectives. First, Poles sought freedom from Soviet domination and the ability to govern themselves. Second, there was a demand for the establishment of a government through free elections. Poles also sought to be part of the family of states governed democratically on the basis of the rule of law and not by party elites.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Rumania
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Rumania
(Public Administration Reforms: Romania)
- Author(s):Calin Emilian Hintea
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:225-237
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:Socio-Demographic Issues; Socio-Economic Policies; Political System; Administrative System; Reforms
- Summary/Abstract:Between 1946 and 1989, Romania experienced one of the most authoritarian communist regimes among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Even when changes began to occur in the region in the late 1980s, the communist regime in Romania maintained its rigidity and strength. The communist regime finally fell in December 1989, as a result of a massive revolution. Unfortunately, the revolution was not peaceful, but rather extremely violent (1,060 people lost their lives during the conflict and 2,927 were injured). The transition to a democratic society was more drastic than in other countries that experienced a gradual deterioration of the communist regime. The Romanian administrative environment, for a long time, did not act as a catalyst for change and reform. The weak state of the economy (as a result of the collapse of communist economic structures and relations), uncertainty regarding land or real estate ownership, the legacy of a centralized, politically driven administrative system, widespread corruption, an organizational culture based on values that are incompatible with a democratic society, the lack of credible administrative institutions to plan and implement change and to interact with citizens, all constitute an obstacle to a timely and coherent process.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Sllovakia
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Sllovakia
(Public Management Reforms: Slovakia)
- Author(s):Juraj Nemec
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:239-262
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Social-Economic Policies; Political System; Administrative System;
- Summary/Abstract:The Slovak Republic was established on 1 January 1993, as a result of the amicable partition of the former Czechoslovakia. Since the early Middle Ages, Slovakia had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and, after its defeat, became part of the first Czechoslovak state, founded on 28 October 1918. In 1939, the first officially independent Slovak state was created, closely allied with Germany. In 1945, after World War II, Czechoslovakia was re-established as a unitary state. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the democratic elections of 1947 and later, in February 1948, took over all state power. After the "Velvet Revolution" in 1989, Czechoslovakia began the process of gradual transition to a pluralistic democratic political system and established public administration. As a result of historical developments, democratic Czechoslovakia was divided on January 1, 1993, into two independent states, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. After a successful transition process in the major political, social and economic areas, Slovakia became a member of the European Union on May 1, 2004.
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Ukraina
Reformat e Manaxhimit Publik: Ukraina
(Public Administration Reforms: Ukraine)
- Author(s):Tatyana Malyarenko, Volodymir Salamatov
- Language:Albanian
- Subject(s):Governance, Public Administration, Post-Communist Transformation
- Page Range:263-282
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Socio-Economic Policies; Socio-Demographic Issues; Constitutional Reforms; Public Administration Reforms
- Summary/Abstract:Ukraine's path to a market economy has been a very complicated and painful one. During the first 10 years of independence, Ukraine suffered from a permanent economic crisis; real GDP fell by 54 percent, and social inequality also fell. Compared to other former Soviet states, Ukraine suffered the most devastating and drastic decline in industrial production. This decline can only be compared to the economic situation of countries with internal armed conflicts. Immediately after independence, in December 1991, the Ukrainian government liberalized most prices and built a legal framework for privatization. However, the practical effect of market reforms was poor, due to broad-based resistance within the government to reform. The legislature slowed down any reform efforts and even took steps back. During this period, the energies of reformers were focused on transforming political institutions, thus contributing to sharp debates about a strategy for nation-building.
