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O punte putredă (Scene din anii 1945-1947) III

Author(s): Dan Ciachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 04/2021

The article evokes events and people from 1945-1947. The first part mentions the death of the artist Constantin Tănase. In 1947, the writer Ioan Massoff, the most important historian of Romanian theater, printed a book entitled The Life of Tănase, published by “Vatra” Publishing House, where he deals extensively with the last days of Tănase’s life and the cause of his death on August 29, 1945. Massoff has a completely different perspective for the end of Constantin Tănase. The second part of the article captures various moments and events from those years, when communism had not yet been fully established in Romania.

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Die Dominanz partikularer gegenüber universalistischen Narrativen –

Author(s): Arnd Bauerkämper / Language(s): German Issue: 02-03/2021

In the first two decades after 1945, memories of the Second World War in Western and Central Europe were framed in national categories. In the Communist dictatorships of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the political doctrine of “antifascism” predominated official remembrance. Nevertheless, particularistic memories that were geared to specific nations and ethnic groups persisted in small groups such as families. After the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Communist regimes, these narratives resurfaced and fuelled myths about national heroism and ethnic pre-eminence, especially in South-Eastern Europe. The wars that led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia included particularly violent conflicts about memories. In the face of divisions between remembrances in Russia and the newly independent nation-states of East Central Europe a unified European memory culture is a chimera. By contrast, a self-reflective and empathic cross-border dialogue about different and even contrasting memories “from below” appears more promising. The concept of “travelling memory” complies with this political perspective and research vista.

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Breaking out of Silence: Victims of the 1944 Distomo Massacre in Greek-German Relations

Author(s): Katarína Kráľová / Language(s): English Issue: 02-03/2021

Besides the massacres in the Czech village of Lidice and Oradour in France, it is the Greek village of Distomo that symbolizes the extreme violence of the Nazis against the civilians of occupied countries in Europe during World War II. Later on, in the Cold War climate and following the policy of containment emerging from the civil war in Greece (1946 – 1949), this crime was often downplayed, and its narrative blunted for the sake of stabilization of the Western Bloc. But the atrocity was never forgotten. This contribution focuses on the postwar reconstruction of Distomo memory in Greek-German relations, in particular the perspective of justice and compensation. Based predominantly on archival and legal sources, it elaborates on the interstate negotiations relating to this massacre. Further, it follows the bottom-up actions of the survivors, thereby opening a possible path to an understanding of postwar reconciliation, not only on a trans-European, but global level.

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Contemporary Croatian Encyclopedias and the WWII Commemoration

Author(s): Dino Mujadžević / Language(s): English Issue: 02-03/2021

The author examines the contemporary role of encyclopedias in shaping the historical knowledge of the Croatian public concerning WWII, with an emphasis on web-based projects and debates. He points to the limits of the shared authority approach and user-generated content in the encyclopedic context. This leads him to reassess the possibility of the return of professionally edited encyclopedias as a tool to provide a balanced and factual approach to the painful WWII past of the country. In this framework, he examines various factors such as the limited reliability of the Wikipedia collaborative format, ethno-nationalist legacies and populism, global disinformation campaigns and post-factuality as well as European efforts to promote “cognitive resilience”.

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Pamięć Kedywu

Author(s): Jerzy Chlistunoff / Language(s): Polish Issue: 107/2021

Były żołnierz AK upomina się o pamięć o swoim oddziale

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O punte putredă (Scene din anii 1945-1947) V

Author(s): Dan Ciachir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 08/2021

The years 1945-1947 before the beginning of Terror, an era equivalent to the last part of Stalin’s life (1948-1953), is one of incredible editorial effervescence, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The article evokes the release of the magazine “Agora”, written by Ion Caraion and Virgil Ierunca - unique in Romanian culture - but also the publication of various volumes signed by writers such as George Bacovia, Lucian Blaga, Tudor Arghezi, Tudor Vianu, Alice Voinescu, Geo Dumitrescu, Cezar Petrescu and others, or translations from French or American literature; at the same time, reference is made to the publication, in 1947, of the first two volumes of Filocalia, translated from Greek by Father Dumitru Stăniloae.

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Matku ztratila za války. Sourozence našla po 75 letech

Author(s): Pavla Plachá / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

Milena Růčková, both of whose parents were active members of the anti-Nazi resistance, had spent all her life thinking she was an only child. She has now found that she has three sisters and two brothers in England. When an article was published two years ago about Marie Pětrošová and František Příborský, who used to smuggle refugees to Poland in the Beskydy Mts. during the war, the author had no idea that it would lead to the reunion of a family that had been divided for seventy-five years and whose members lived in different parts of Europe. The story of the descendants of the tank driver Příborský, seriously injured in November 1944 near Dunkirk, should culminate in their first meeting this year.

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„Lágrové Madony“

Author(s): Pavla Plachá / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

Removing children from their mothers, forced sterilisation and abortions or the killings of newborn babies were a common part of the persecution in the women’s concentration camp in Ravensbrück. Many of the surviving prisoners spent their whole lives trying to cope with the trauma they had experienced.

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Židovský agent Gestapa.

Author(s): Jan Dvořák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

After the Nazi occupation, the fraudster Ervin Frankenbusch became a feared informer of the security services who ardently participated in repression against his fellow citizens, especially Jews. Initially, perhaps out of fear of persecution, but later solely out of the dizzy intoxication with his own power, he was willing to collaborate fully with the occupying Nazi forces. Not even his boundless ruthlessness, however, was enough to save his own life.

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Pryč s židovsko-křesťanským morem!

Author(s): Jan Zumr / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

One major topic in research into Nazi Germany is the relationship of national socialism to the Christian churches, and to religion in general. The fundamental question is, whether membership of a specific church influenced the self-identification of the believers with the Nazi ideology and the ruling regime. In the Czech environment, however, this topic is a largely unknown one. What faiths were held by members of the Nazi Germany’s repression forces – the SS, Security Police and SD? Did they stay with the church, or did they abandon the faith of their predecessors?

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Konec československé Podkarpatské Rusi

Author(s): Jiří Plachý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

Seventy-five years ago, on 22 January 1946, the establishment of the Zakarpattie Oblast in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic brought to an end the fourteen-month history of the temporary quasi-state of Carpathian Ruthenia which was de iure in the territory of the third Czechoslovak Republic. Its declaration in November 1944, presented by the contemporary authorities as the manifestation of the free will of the local populace, was in fact a mere pretence for the forceful annexation of almost one-tenth of our state territory by the Soviet Union.

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Tůmo, nezabíjej mě!

Author(s): Martin Jindra / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

The murder of František Novotný in September 1948, approved personally by the head of the State Security, Jindřich Veselý, and carried out by his subordinates, is one of the cases where quite a few facts are still unknown today. His family, friends and researchers have been asking for decades why Novotný had to be eliminated. We are trying to understand and find answers to some of the unanswered questions.

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Hloubkaři na českém nebi

Author(s): Filip Vojtášek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2021

In the last months of World War II, allied aircraft were seen in the Czech skies, especially US fighter planes that later came to be known as armed reconnaissance fighters (referred to as ‘hloubkař’ in Czech). Their task was to attack various ground targets that could be used for military purposes, primarily steam trains (that’s why they were also nicknamed “boiler fighters”), cars, horse carts and last but not least airfields, thereby paralysing transport infrastructure in the enemy’s rear.

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Ve stínu šibenice. Případ sovětského občana Timofeje Simulenka

Author(s): Jaroslav Rokoský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2015

Jaroslav Rokoský describes the life and war-time service of Timofey Simulenka, a peculiar character but also a brave soldier, partisan and resistance fighter who settled in Czechoslovakia after the war and started a family. He also become involved in the anti-Communist resistance and was soon arrested and sentenced to death. However, as he was still a citizen of the USSR the Czechoslovak side waited so long for a statement from the Soviets that the punishment was dropped. By then Simulenka was a broken man, suffering from mental illness for the remainder of his life.

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Trocha místopisu a lokální historie. Květen 1945 v ulicích pražských Košíř

Author(s): Jiří Padevěd / Language(s): Czech Issue: 02/2015

Košíře, území, které je součástí Prahy 5, se rozkládá podél Plzeňské ulice zhruba mezi Bertramkou na jedné straně a motolskou vozovnou na straně druhé, byly během Pražského povstání dějištěm stavby řady barikád, svědkem bojů o motolské cvičiště, na kterém byl bezprostředně po ukončení bojů zřízen zajatecký tábor pro vojáky Wehrmachtu a příslušníky dalších ozbrojených složek nacistického Německa, i pronikání průzkumných jednotek 1. divize Ruské osvobozenecké armády,1 která si zřídila štáb v nedaleké továrně Walter v Jinonicích.

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Niemiecka Lista Narodowa w regionie łódzkim w trakcie II wojny światowej

Author(s): Michał Turski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 01/2021

The aim of the paper is the analysis of the German People’s List (German: Deutsche Volksliste, German abb. DVL, in Polish: Volkslista or Niemiecka Lista Narodowościowa, inf. in Polish: Folkslista) in the region of Łódź during World War II. The Volksliste was part of the Nazi schema to re-Germanize the Łódź Germans and separate them from the influence of Polish culture and society. The main research questions are the problems of categorization of Volksdeutsche by Volksliste offices and the motivation of Germans behind rejection of the Volksliste or their application for admission to a higher category. The hypothesis about the categorisation of Germans in the Volksliste assumes that the criteria used by the Volksliste offices were insufficient and the most frequently used criteria of language and religion did not allow for a proper categorisation of the Łódź Germans. According to the author there existed many reasons for people to accept the Volksliste (they were also sometimes forced to accept it) or to apply for admission to a higher category, the economic reasons being the most important ones – the desire to preserve one’s wealth or job, or to maintain one’s social position. The article is based on various archival sources: the German administration documents from Łódź, Poznań, and Warsaw archives as well as the ego-documents, such as complaints about too low a category on the Volksliste (the case of Oskar Ambroży Klikar).

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Społeczne i polityczne uwarunkowania powojennych migracji dobrowolnych. Przypadek Polaków ze wschodniej Słowacji w powiecie żarskim

Author(s): Tomasz Jaworski,MAŁGORZATA ŁUKIANOW,MARCIN MACIEJEWSKI / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 01/2021

The paper aims at characterising the situation related to the re-emigration of Poles from Czechoslovakia to the Western and Northern Territories: historical background, personal motivations of the re-emigrants, travel conditions and re-arranging life in the Polish-German border area. However, it is not possible to fully highlight this issue without considering additional contexts, such as the conditions of residence before the war and in particular: the period between 1945 and 1948, from the end of the war to the moment of departure. The authors distinguish several key factors that can be considered as determinants of the integration of re-emigrants from the areas of eastern Slovakia. The decisive issue was the time of arrival and the fact that most farms that were habitable were occupied by settlers who had arrived earlier. What seems particularly interesting, this issue did not affect the decision on the direction of transport of re-emigrants. Even though the National Repatriation Office had knowledge about the fact that there were not enough farms and land in the district (powiat), the re-emigrants were directed to the West. What is more, the Przewóz commune in 1948 was only colonized in 40%, but this probably indicates that these were rather unattractive areas than forgotten ones. Relevant materials for the present study were collected during a query in the Archives of New Files in Warsaw, the most valuable ones coming from the files of the State Repatriation Office in Łódź together with reports of provincial branches in Rzeszów and Wrocław. Thanks also to the resources from the files of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it was possible to obtain the information necessary to outline the broader pre-war context, mainly on the basis of notes of the Polish consular institutions in Košice and Uzhhorod. The archival material was supplemented and confronted with the recollections of the reemigrants, collected by the authors of the text using the spoken history method.

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A Gottwald dandár története. Csehszlovákia szerepe Izrael Állam megalakulásában

Author(s): Lukács Krajcsír / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

The study is focused on the assistance what Czechoslovakia gave to nascent state of Israel in 1947–1948. First of all, it was a diplomatic help: Czechoslovakia figured among the states that prepared the draft of the United Nations Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) and took part in the creation. In addition to this help Prague also began to support the Jewish Agencies in other ways, because they wanted weapons to fight against the Arabs. Despite the UN arms embargo, Czechoslovakia delivered not just small arms and ammo to Palestine, but even artillery, anti-aircraft guns and aircraft (Operation Žatec). Training soldiers for Israel can be considered another significant kind of assistance. The Czechoslovak People’s Army and Communist Party of Czechoslovakia – with the help of Israel Defense Force – organized a brigade of Jewish volunteers from Eastern Bloc countries. The so called Gottwald Brigade was trained in Czechoslovakia from August to November 1948. All 1335 members of this company went to Israel but due to political machinations and diplomatic conflicts between Israel and Eastern Bloc, just only few „Gottwaldist” fought in the first Arab–Israeli war. This study presents the main aspects of Czechoslovakia’s help, mostly focusing on the history and training of the Gottwald Brigade.

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1941 az orosz historiográfiában. Értelmezések, ellentmondások, politika

Author(s): Gábor Gyóni / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

This study discusses the evolution of the ’1941 problematiqueʼ in Soviet and Russian historiography, by focusing on the history of the question regarding the level of preparation of the USSR on the eve of the upcoming war against the Nazi Germany. The question is very sensitive and its interpretations often reveal political overtones. The first interpretations, given by politicians (Y. V. Stalin and V. M. Molotov) on the treacherous attack by Germany on the USSR, largely determined subsequent historical narratives. The same happened again in the 1950s, during the ’exposure of the cult of personality of Stalinʼ. However, in the 1960s there appeared several different explanations about the events as there were various interpretations on the causes of the tragedy of 1941. Meanwhile the official historiography was quite critical of Stalin’s activity and the military leadership’s efficiency on the eve of June 22. Military memoirs, which appeared in large numbers in the 1960s, on the contrary, testified the country’s adequate preparation for the war. In the conditions of the Soviet historical discipline’s reality, this ’disputeʼ remained latent, although some convergence can be found in the officially approved history of the Great Patriotic War, whose volumes were published in the Brezhnev era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, the re-evaluation of the events of 1941 began. In this spirit, even in the leading Russian historical periodical were expressed opinions, saying that the USSR, allegedly, was preparing an offensive strike against Germany. Current historiography’s interpretation is much closer to the point of view of the Brezhnev era, however, it relies on a far more extensive material than the latter.

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A Szabad Francia Erők a második világháborúban. Az ellenállás megszervezése és a nemzetközi fegyveres együttműködés

Author(s): Márton Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

Bene Krisztián: A Szabad Francia Erők 1940–1943. A francia katonai együttműködés a második világháborúban. Pécs, Kronosz Kiadó, 2017. 468 p

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