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United States foreign policy, including trade policy, is a complicated process, complex mechanism, with many institutions participating. There are many participants in the process of US foreign trade policy-making. The article focuses on the description of the most important players in the foreign trade policy game and their influence on the subject.
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Review of: Paweł Rojek, "Przekleństwo imperium. Źródła rosyjskiego zachowania", M Publishing House, Krakow 2014, pp.120., by: Leszek Sykulski
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Review of: Dominique Moïsi, "Geopolityka emocji", Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warsaw 2012, ss. 256., by: Mateusz Hudzikowski
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Review of: Andrzej Dybczyńsk, "Geopolityka", POLTEXT Warsaw 2013 SS. 448., by: Leszek Sykulski
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Review of: Thierry de Montbrial, "Działanie i system świata", Academic Publishing House DIALOG, Warsaw 2011 SS. 518., by: Mateusz Hudzikowski
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Review of: Ryszard Skarzyński, "Podstawowy dylemat politologii: dyscyplina nauki czy potoczna wiedza o społeczeństwie. O tradycji uniwersytetu i demarkacji wiedzy", Temida2, Białystok 2012, ss. 346., by: Leszek Sykulski
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Review of: Gracjan Cimek, "Rosja. Państwo imperialne?", Naval Academy Publishing, Gdynia 2011 SS. 330., by: Leszek Sykulski
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Review of: Dariusz Krajewski, "Stosunki usa i iranu za prezydentury mahmouda ahmadinejada. Analiza sfery doktrynalnej irańskiej polityki zagranicznej", Adam Marszałek Publishing, TORUŃ 2011, SS. 162., by: Mateusz Hudzikowski
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Review of: Jacob Potulski, "Wprowadzenie do geopolityki", Publisher of the University of Gdansk, Gdansk 2010 ss. 386., by: Leszek Sykulski
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Review of: Leszek Sykulski, "Geopolityka, czyli pochwała realizmu. Szkice teoriopoznawcze", Warsaw Publishing Company, 2011 Warsaw, SS. 160., by: Tomasz Klin
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Ukrainian lands in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have been in proximity of great geopolitical changes several times. During that time the Ukrainian nation – due to various factors – encountered a number of “windows of opportunity” for achieving the realization of dreams about independence and national sovereignty. The author identified in the period considered four “general moments,” of which two have been completed successfully. The first of these occurred in 1990–1991, when for the first time in modern history, Ukrainians managed to achieve a lasting and relatively stable independence. The second of the “moments” – still unresolved – are events that began in the late autumn of 2013. The process, called “Revolution of Dignity”, represents a new quality in the history of the Ukrainian nation, therefore, that the Ukrainians have to defend the status quo (independence, territorial integrity, sovereignty, etc.) but not to seek to achieve an independent being. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the ability of Ukrainians to achieve and maintain independence is largely a function of the relative power of the Russian state as measured with respect to the shape and quality of international relations.
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This article is devoted to the roots of the developments that have taken place in Ukraine since Autumn 2013 and up to the Russian invasion. It stresses the historical differences between Ukraine and Russia, presents the international milieu of Ukrainian independence in the years 1991–2013, and ends with a description of the nature of the Maidan revolution and the pan-European challenge created by the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The main thesis is that the struggle for Ukraine ends the post-Cold War epoch marked with an illusion of eternal peace in Europe and with the groundless hope for Russian imperialism to expire.
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War in Ukraine and the Russian annexation of Crimea are the events that changed the US policy towards Russia. The events in Ukraine forced the United States to take a closer look at Eastern and Central Europe. The United States’ policy during the Ukrainian crisis has been limited to sanctions and strong statements so far because in Ukraine there is an asymmetry of interests. Ukraine is much more important to Russia than to the United States. The United States may be willing to support the democratic and western aspiration of Ukrainians but will not risk a major conflict with Russia over it. However the crisis in Ukraine is not only about Ukraine or Russia. It is also about US credibility around the world. Both friends and foes are watching closely the American reaction to the situation. That is why the United States has increased its military presence in those NATO countries that share borders with Russia.
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The events in Ukraine, the annexation of Crimea, and the Russian attitude towards Ukraine show an evident change in European relations. The escalation of conflict between Russia and Ukraine however does not affect only those two countries, but also those in the nearest vicinity. Especially in Scandinavian and Nordic countries change in social ambience can be observed. The aim of this article is essentially to analyze Swedish reaction to the Ukrainian Crisis, the change in Swedish attitude towards international security systems, especially NATO, and Swedish perception of its national safety.
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