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Around the Bloc: Ancient Monuments Mapped on Kazakh Steppe
Giant designs traced out by earth mounds could be thousands of years old.
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Giant designs traced out by earth mounds could be thousands of years old.
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Petrographic studies of indicator erratics in glacial sediments revealed the existence of at least two lithotypes of glacial tills (marked S and O/W), differing in source area of moraine material. The older one (S), represented by glacial till in Mąkolice, was deposited by the last advance of South Polish Glaciation in the area. The younger lithotype (O/W) includes glacial sediments of Middle Polish Complex. Among them, two varieties (sublitothypes), probably deposited by separate ice masses (but not ice streams), can be distinguished. These sublitotyphes are clearly recognizable only in the southern part of the area under research. Their relative spatial distribution and petrographic features confirm the validity of the conclusions based on the analysis of the relief, which suggests that the ice-sheet during the Middle Polish Glaciation (Odranian/Wartanian) entered the Piotrków region from two directions.
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The paper presents the latest results of research on genesis of glacial relief and dynamics of the younger Saalian ice sheet in the marginal zone in poorly recognized area of the interfluve of the Krzna and Bug rivers in eastern Poland. The presented model is significantly different from those interpretations of the relief genesis in this area, presenting ice-margin stabilization stage and then areal recession. In the light of detailed morphological, geological and structural research, the younger Saalian ice sheet was characterized by differentiated dynamics of ice lobes, both during transgression and recession. A comparison with the latest results of research on area between Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz, the notion on presence of regional lobes in the marginal zone of the younger Saalian ice sheet and their differentiated (conditioned by morphology and lithology of pre-Saalian substrate) dynamics is also actual in central Poland.
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The article presents petrographic features of medium (4–10 mm) and coarse (20–60 mm) gravels for 64 samples from 28 sites together with TGZ (Theoretical Gravel Centre) index for 7 sites. It have been found that in the investigated area in glaciofluvial sediments petrography is generally similar. Also pointed was, that in the finer gravel fraction the Lower Palaeozoic limestones are rare, however crystalline and flint rocks are more evident. Petrography of the coarse gravel fraction proves that before the ice-sheet reached the Northern Polish Upland slopes, it must have moved along outcrops in the South-East Sweden and the Baltic floor. The connected TGZ index of the sediments investigated lies within 16,4–17,0°E and 57,5–58,7°N coordinates.
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This article presents the results of measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of Quaternary sediments collected from 13 sites, located in zones I–IV of glacigenic forms in SE of the Łódź Region. Based on statistical analysis and graphical position of the principal axes of ellipsoids illustrating the magnetic susceptibility tensors, recreated directions of transport for 206 samples, mainly of glacial sediment of different ages and types. The usefulness of AMS analysis in determining the direction of transport in clasts of the till has been proved and also to verification of the directional results of other measurements in the sediments layered.
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The article presents the results of measurements of the longer axes orientation in the morainic tills at 11 sites and 12 outcrops in zones I–IV of the glacigenic forms in the area between Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz. Zone III located in the western part of the said area corresponds to the well-recognised Widawka lobe in the Łódź region. Zones I, II and IV in the eastern part of the study area associated with the hypothetic Pilica-Luciąża lobe (S part of the Rawka lobe) and both coming from the Warta ice-sheet. Measurements of fabric clasts in zone III proved that the ice sheet has arrived from NNW and NW (330º–340º). In zones I, II, and IV transgression came from the NNE and NE (357º–52º). The lobe reached the Kamieńsk–Rzejowice–Przedbórz line. In the Łódź hump, the meridian belt between Kamieńsk and Łódź fabric tills are of various orientation interpreted as a confluence of the two lobes.
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The main aim of this paper is to present the concept of regional distance as a measure of economic diversity at the regional level. Additionally, the paper is devoted to the identification of regional inequalities in Poland, based on the metric presented. Estimates of the regional distance between specific regions (NUTS 2) and the mean level of development of the national economy or Mazowieckie Voivodship (the region with the highest GDP per capita in Poland) were based on calculations conducted using logarithmic equations. Two different distances were calculated: (a) the mean number of years required to achieve the present reference area level of development, (b) the mean number of years necessary to achieve the reference area GDP per capita, taking into consideration the growth rate of the reference area. The empirical example of regional distance application revealed significant inequalities between regions of Poland at NUTS 2 level.
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The article presents the analysis of city space of Kaliningrad, capital city of Russian exclave Kaliningrad oblast. I use the methodology proposed by Ewa Rewers – hermeneutics of a trace, and Karl Schl?gel – new optics to analyse architectural image of Kaliningrad. The historical and architectural layers of the city coexist and have impact on the identity of its inhabitants.
More...![Morphological and Termal Studies of Synthesized Ethanehydroximohydrazide (1Z, 2E)- N’-[(1Z)-1-biphenyl-4-yl-2-bromoethylidene]- 2-(hydroxyimino) and Its Metal Complexes](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2016_29074.jpg)
A new vic-dioxime derivative including the hydrazone group ligand with four N-donor set and its coordination compounds with Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal centres were synthesized. For this task, these compounds were characterized by spectral analyses like FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR, HMQC, molar conductances ΛM (-1), elemental analysis, magnetic moment and thermal behavior (TG) of the compounds was determined by simultaneous thermogravimetric. All of the coordination compounds were prepared under similar conditions from the ligand and the corresponding metal salts by putting them of a strong base. On the basis of the magnetic and spectral evidences a square-planar geometry for [Ni(HL)2] and [Cu(HL)2] complexes, octahedral geometry for [(HL)2Co.2H2O] and tedrahedral geometry for [Zn(LH)CI].H2O complex were introduced.
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The article is devoted to estimating the risk of floods in selected rivers of Lower Silesia. On the basic of empirical data concerning daily water levels of three hydrological stations on the rivers: Odra, Nysa Kłodzka and Nysa Łużycka the empirical distribution function of quaterly high water levels will be illustrated. To empirical distribution, the theoretical distribution will be matched and on its base the risk of floods danger will be calculated.
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The endorheic catchment of Lake Gardno is located in northwestern Poland on the Wolin Island at a distance of 0.2 km from the Baltic Sea cliff coast. Within the Lake Gardno catchment, on a monthly basis, water with its quantitative aspects and physicochemical properties was examined at every stage of its circulation. For the diagnosis of the circulation of water and solutes, as well asits mechanisms it was essential to determine the seasonal variability of the concentration of biogenic ( NO 3 –, NH 4 +, K + ) and denudative ions ( HCO 3 –, SO 4 2–, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ ), and ions supplied primarily from sea aerosols ( Cl –, Na + ). At the first stage of the water cycle, atmospheric water reaching tree-tops has the lowest mineralization at 1.8 mS • m –1. Throughfall and stemflow lead to an increase in the mineralization up to 8.7 mS • m –1 on average. The next stage, connected with the underground water circulation and leaching of soils, increases the mineralization of water up to 46.3 mS • m –1. The lake water was mineralized at 36.7 mS • m –1. The seasonal variability of the hydrochemical activity of water circulating within the Lake Gardno geoecosystem was represented by groups: with increased concentrations of solutes, with average concentrations of solutes and with reduced concentrations of solutes. The analyzed geoecosystem is characterized by a high concentration level of chloride and sodium ions at every stage of water circulation, which is related to the supply of sea aerosols.
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The aim of this study was to determine the number of hot days, very hot days and very frosty days as well as heat waves and cold spells in the Świętokrzyskie Mts (central Poland) during the 1981 – 2013 period. Datasets of minimum and maximum daily air temperatures from the IMGW-PIB stations : Kielce-Suków, Bodzentyn and Święty Krzyż were used in the study. During the last 35 years 17 heat waves and 12 cold spells occurred in the study area. The number of hot and very hot days and heat waves on the summits of the Świętokrzyskie Mts ( Święty Krzyż weather station ) was 2 – 5 times lower than at the valley stations. There was an evident increase in the occurrence frequency of hot weather extremes in the 2001 – 2010 period as compared to the end of the past century. There is no clear tendency to change in the number of very frosty days and cold spells. Two indices: WSNC and WSNZ were proposed as tools for the assessment of the intensity of heat waves and cold spells.
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The twentieth century, especially its second half, was one of unprecedented rapid change in the Earth’s environment. Environmental problems have become global in their scope. Systemic and cumulative degradation has occurred on an unprecedented scale, causing geographically differentiated outcomes that threaten the whole Earth e. The idea that the global environment is at risk due to anthropogenic activity, and that something must be done quickly to abate this, is accepted by a grooving majority of people across the world. Environmentalist “worldviews” are now more or less mainstream in the academic literature. Environmental problems do not respect the artificial boundaries of nation states as is demonstrate by contemporary phenomena such a global warming and climate change. The emergence of the Green or ecology movement has resulted in attempts to refine or reformulate spatial organization of the world. Traditional conception of geopolitical order are statecentric but the green movements try to change our perception of spatial order argue that country does not form the basis for the organization of social and political life but bioregions. Bioregion is defined in terms of the unique overall pattern of natural characteristics that are found in a specific place. The main features are generally found throughout a continuous geographic terrain and include a particular climate, local aspects of seasons, landforms, watersheds, soils, and native plants and animals. People are also counted as an integral aspect of a place’s life, as can be seen in the ecologically adaptive cultures of early inhabitants, and in the activities of present day reinhabitants who attempt to harmonize in a sustainable way with the place where they live. In the green political thought bioregions should be the basic unit of organization of global space.
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Characteristics of Human Geography of an area are closely interconnected with physical features of that area such as topography, hydrography, vegetation and climatology. Even though determinant role of physical characteristics on the human activity in urban areas has been reduced by the advancement of contemporary technologies it is still efficient in the rural where the agricultural production still predominate human activity. The huge difference on physical features in Tire province which can be observed on North-South direction also has affected the rural landscape on that direction. The main interesting point is that the rural landscape is also change in West-East direction where the change of physical features is not clearly visible. The main aim of this study is to explain the rural landscape change on West-East direction in the rural area of Tire province.
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Czarna Nida is a meandering third-order river flowing through the central part of the Kielce Upland. The catchment area includes a fragment of the Paleozoic core of the Holy Cross Mountains and the southwestern part of their Permian-Mesozoic margin. The aim of the article was to identify and interpret traces of metallurgical activity in the Nida bloomery center region from the Roman period in the alluvium of the middle section of this river in the Łaziska – Ostrów cross-section. The Magnetic Spherule Separation method (MSS) was done, which has recently been used on the other Holy Cross Mountains rivers, where different ages metallurgical activity has been developing. There are only a few traces of metallurgical activity in the alluvium of the Czarna Nida floodplain. Microspherules were detected in the fillings of oxbow lakes from the Roman period and in contemporary alluvium. Otherwise, in the fillings of medieval oxbow lakes a microslags was found. The small number of microartefacts in the sediments is most likely related to periodic or episodic activity of prehistoric metallurgy over a long period of time or small scale of production. Their occurrence in younger sediments is the result of later redeposition.
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The Szczecin spherules and irregular lime-ferrous concretions were commonly found in the Szczecin sands associated with the marine transgression during the Lower Oligocene (Rupelian). Outcrops of these formations are known from numerous occurrences within the glaciotectonically disturbed Quaternary sediments of the Szczecin area, especially in the Warszewskie Hills. The lime-ferrous concretions, together with the co-occurring malacofauna and other macroscopic remains, contain valuable information on the environmental conditions prevailing in the Oligocene sea, as well as on the conditions of formation of the concretions themselves.
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The significantly faster increase in Arctic temperature compared to the global average is causing changes in wind patterns in the mid-latitudes of the upper troposphere. Studies suggest possible changes in the geometry of wind fields, evident in the waviness of geopotential lines or in a series of discrete circulation patterns. This study aligns with the latter research focus. The objective of the analysis is to estimate long-term trends in the Vangengeim-Girs (V-G) macroforms from 1979 to 2023, and since 1999, which is considered a breaking point in the course of Arctic warming. Trend coefficients were estimated for the 45-year period and in moving 21-year window for characteristics describing V-G forms variability. The results indicate a nonlinear trend in the annual frequency of W and E forms, the number of E episodes, and the duration of C and W episodes. Other parameters maintained a consistent direction of change (+/−) throughout the study period: frequency of C(+), number of W(+), C(+), WEC(+) episodes, duration of WEC(−) and E(−). Processes indicating an increase in meridionality include the decline in W frequency after 2005, the rise in E frequency after 2003, the increase in C frequency and the number of C episodes from 1979 to 2023, and the rise in the number of E episodes along with a significant decline in W episode duration after 1999. Additionally, significant trends in the increase (decrease) in the number (duration) of all episodes suggest an increase in day-to-day circulation variability.
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The study continues the authors’ research on the processes of surface reduction and overgrowth in lakes located in the Polish Lowlands. The analysis encompassed 590 lakes with a surface area of up to 100 hectares. Data on the disappearance and overgrowth of these lakes were derived from materials provided by the Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn for the years 1958–1968, as well as orthophotomaps from 2010–2012 obtained from the Central Center for Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation. The objective of this study was to compare the data from these two sources to assess changes in lake surface area and the degree of overgrowth by emergent vegetation among Poland’s smallest lakes over the past 50 years. The results revealed that the total surface area of the 590 lakes decreased by 634.8 hectares, equivalent to 11.62%. Additionally, the overgrowth coefficient increased by 0.6%.
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Progressive climate change is causing more and more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events. The aim of this study was to identify the causes and consequences of a thunderstorm that passed through the area of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship on the night of 13 to 14 July 2024, as an example of an extreme weather event. This storm developed on a cool atmospheric front that displaced tropical masses. Most damage occurred in the western and central parts of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, with a total damage path of approximately 110 km.
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