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Some fear the diversity of Sarec’s coalition agreement might prove too unstable and lead to early elections.
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The purpose of this article is to present the development of the concept of public policy, which is based on British common law legal system, referring to the concept of politics as the activity of political parties or politicians, involved in competing for that power. Discussing the stages of shaping public policy separately from political science, the overview of the theories, models and main approaches (top-down, bottom-up) to the role of the state in the implementation of public policies in Anglo-Saxon tradition is introduced. The changes in the continental and the EU countries’ tradition of public policy analysis are presented from Ukrainian perspective at the end of the article.
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One of the biggest challenge is to understand the complexity of problems that are implemented by public policies. Therefore, it is necessary to apply public policies that will be complex themselves to resolve complex issues. The aim of the article is to indicate the key factors that will help to better understand this challenge and the issue of the complexity of problems in public policies. Based on the literature analysis, I point out a few key elements (i.e., culture, economics, politics or actors), which are the basis for building public policies and creating a conceptual framework for managing them.
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The provisions of art. 18 of Law no. 554/2004 of the administrative contentious law, establishes that the administrative contentious instance may annul in whole or in part an administrative act. In addition to the application of this sanction, which intervenes for the causes of nullity of the administrative act, causes that may be prior or concurrent with the moment of adoption of the administrative act, the court may order the public authority to carry out certain legal acts or perform certain technical operations. According to the legal provisions, we note the court of administrative litigation may order the public authority to issue an administrative act, to issue another document, or to carry out an administrative operation. A regulatory administrative act contains generic and impersonal rules and may oblige certain legal behaviors from certain legal subjects but can guarantee or protect subjective rights for them. Regarding an administrative normative act, the legal provisions do not determine in concrete terms whether the court can order the obligation of the public authority to adopt such an administrative act. On the other hand, irrespective of whether the answer to such a legal situation is affirmative or negative, the question arises whether the court can apply sanctions for non-fulfillment of the implementing powers. In other words, if the public authority has to adopt a certain administrative normative act for the implementation of legal provisions, the failure to perform this task or the late exercise may cause damage. Therefore, the question then arises whether the opportunity that a public authority enjoys when adopting an administrative act is limited to the content of the act, to the manner in which the legal norm must be regulated, or to that feature must include the choice of when the public authority deems it necessary to adopt an administrative act of a normative nature.
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The mechanisms for implementing local government have not been developed in Russia.This leads to the fact that the activities of the authorities are now ineffective. The relevance of the study is to develop models that improve the system of municipal government. The authors put forward a number of hypotheses using the benchmarking method and analysis of the world practice of organizing municipal government in developing the theoretical model "3-p". The authors carried out a sociological research to test the developed theoretical model. This allowed to improve the elements of "3-p", eliminating unconfirmed hypotheses and adding the identified important components. The model created by the authors is a self-organized system,it has feedbacks, it is possible to increase the flow of resources and obtain a synergistic effect.
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The aim of the article is to analyse the determinants of electoral support for the Alternative for Germany, which gained 7.04% of the vote in the 2014 European Parliament elections. AfD is considered a right-wing populist protest party of a primarily Eurosceptic orientation. However, there has been no in-depth analysis of its electoral success based on statistical methods. The territories of former East and West Germany have been selected as unit of analysis, since different patterns of electoral behaviour can be expected to play a role in former Eastern Bloc and Western countries. We analyse voters’ political preferences and the question whether the success of the AfD could be better explained with reference to protest voting or issue voting. We conclude that while in West Germany both protest voting and issue voting can explain the success of the AfD, the priority of issue voting over protest voting was pronounced in East Germany, as the immigration issue proved to be a very strong and significant predictor of electoral support for the AfD. Thus, we once again confirm that differences in individual voting behaviour between West and East persist even a quarter century after the unification of Germany. It is thus apparent that the so-called Iron Curtain continues to function as a cleavage in contemporary German politics.
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The principle of certainty, which is one of the principles of taxation and which ensures the legal security of the obliged and the stability of the tax administration, means that the transactions, time and forms of taxation should be certain and clear. In this way, taxpayers can better direct their economic decisions by knowing their obligations before them. Therefore, due to the developments in the globalization of the world, this principle has become even more important. Airline transportation services isone of the sectors affected by globalization. Due to the gradual liberalisation of economic regulations and a significant shift in competitive conditions in the sector, airline companies also change their strategies and competitive tools. In this framework, the commission application of airline companies and travel agencies, the elements of the ticket price and the invoice arrangement vary. From this point of view, in our study, legal arrangements related to air transportation services, determination of wages, determination of the elements included in the wage, and the situation of taking part in the value added tax base were examined. In addition, it has been investigated how individuals are affected by this taxation and whether they comply with the principle of determination of the items that are merged under the heading of taxes
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The territorial organization of Spain into regions (autonomous communities) involves a remarkable decentralization. Therefore, it is interesting to make a comparative efficiency analysis of the public spending in education among regions that can to shed light on both the educational policies at the regional level, and the corrective state actions of inter-territorial imbalances. Furthermore, equity of the results of the education system is an indisputable goal of any society that aspires to justice and social cohesion. This research poses, firstly, an estimation of educational effectiveness and efficiency of public spending using a secondary analysis of PISA 2015 data that takes into account the value of ESCS. Subsequently, two educational equity parameters are estimated. The triple empirical categorization of autonomous communities, according to the efficiency and equity results, allows the derivation of policy recommendations of interest both at the regional and central government levels.
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This paper explores the occurrence of a Simpson’s paradox in PISA 2015 science literacy data. Simpson’s paradox, a case of contradicting interpretations when results are analysed by groups or aggregated as a whole, has both a practical and an academic significance. It is an interesting phenomenon that is far from theoretical and when it happens, it has profound effects on the interpretation and if left unidentified can cause confusion and misunderstanding. This paper demonstrates best ways to detect Simpson’s paradox through appropriate tables and graphs. Actual occurrences of a Simpson’s paradox and conditions leading to them are explored using PISA 2015 gender differences in science literacy data in five central European countries − Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia. In countries where the occurrence of a Simpson’s paradox was detected, we provide correct interpretation of the results. Beside creating problems with interpretation an occurrence of a Simpson’s paradox also provides new insight − it signifies that there is very different gender composition in different educational tracks which has important implications for the educational governance. We will discuss implications of these findings in context of Slovenian educational system.
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The execution of political decisions, crystallized into a unified national policy,is indeed the most essential task of the administration. The term politicization of administration means the influence of party politics penetrating into public administration and imposing one’s own interests it also represents a politically motivated engagement of civil servants that guarantees exclusively loyalty to the ruling class, and not the quality of professional and administrative affairs. The politization is a phenomenon which, if given free rein, could badly shake the foundations of a democratic society. The experiences of several countries tries indicate that a large-scale politicization of administration can develop into a malignant disease of society. In a study of the politicization of administration, special attention must be paid to mutually related terms: political appointments (patronage) and political party activities of civil servants. The government can support political groups it favors by giving grants or by other methods. On the other hand various interest groups, especially economic ones, which have more or less direct contacts with the actual political groupings, can try to interfere in the public a administration. The passing out of favours through the administration to supporters of those who are in political powers, after bribery, what most op- deeply tends to weaken confidence in the democratic system of government. Politicized administration is perceived as a long-lasting legacy of the socialist regime that the transition through failed to eradicate.
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W niniejszym artykule przybliżone zostały zagadnienia endogenicznego potencjału regionów, w tym problematyka innowacyjności, kapitału intelektualnego, gospodarki opartej na wiedzy oraz przedsiębiorczości i zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi. Zaprezentowane zostały wyniki badań odnoszące się do Polski, która została przedstawiona na tle Wspólnoty Europej-skiej. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona kilku wybranym województwom naszego kraju. Badane podmioty okazały się skromnymi lub co najwyżej umiarkowanymi innowato-rami. Zauważyć się dały zapóźnienia w sferze infrastruktury, dostępności transportowej czy w zaawansowanych usługach teleinformatycznych. Wyjątkową szansą dla województw i całego naszego kraju wydaje się kapitał intelektualny, gotowość do mobilności i adaptacyjności oraz dynamizm szybko zdobywającego nowe umiejętności młodego pokolenia. Dobrą metodą gwarantującą kreatywność myślenia o przyszłości regionów, a jednocześnie porządkującą tworzenie ram koncepcyjnych polityki strategicznej regionu, wydają się też studia foresigh-towe.
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The efforts stimulated by the reform process have imposed the use of a public management quality assessment instrument within public administrations. The Common Assessment Framework was created on the basis of the EFQM Excellence Model especially for public organizations. This article deals with the Leadership criterion of the CAF Model with emphasis on the assessment of the relations between the leadership of public organizations and the political sphere. The discussion over the above-mentioned criterion is correlated to the five principles of public administration coined by the Support for Improvement in Governance and Management in Central and Eastern European Countries (SIGMA) under the patronage of the OECD and the European Union.
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Political instability and economic recession impede thedevelopment of social reforms and, ultimately, adverselyaffect the well-being of the population on both banks of theDniester.Health care reform in Transdniestria requires operational.It is important to determine which medical services shouldbe provided to the population free of charge within theguaranteed minimum of medical care, and for which youwill have to pay, taking into account the current level ofeconomic development and budget financing.Based on the reading, it is clear that the leadership ofTransnistria itself solves the most acute problems in healthcare, not relying on the help of Western funds, andrepresentatives of the civil society of Transnistria seeabsolutely different way to which available European fundsto solve which problems and assistance to which categoryof Transnistrian population.
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The present study investigates relevant economic, social and political dimensions of development worldwide, focusing on (apparent and latent) links between perceived corruption, economic and human development, government effectiveness and the quality of the political system taken as representative variables of countries’ social systems. These variables were selected as the basic determinants of the level of overall development in a country, since combinations of these factors determine clusters of countries with diff erent development patterns. The results of this study indicate that effective development policies require integrated strategies that incorporate efforts to reduce corruption and increase human development and government eff ectiveness. These strategies are sustainable in the long run when associated with institutional transformations. More specifi cally, if democracy is not consolidated and the political system is not grounded on the basis of freedom, socioeconomic development cannot be achieved and maintained in the long term, even with a high level of per-capita income.
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The Anticorruption Report. Edited by Alina Mungiu-Pippidi (OPLADEN, Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2015.)
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The assessment of the functioning and development of local government is one of the most difficult aspects in the economic interpretation of its activities. The activity associated with making various assessments of the economy and public life in local government is a key element of the public management process (governance). Knowledge about this subject is still small and has a partial character. The aim of the considerations in the article is a set of assessments treated as a system concerning the functioning of self-government. The authors accept the following research thesis: the set of self-government assessments is a looser arrangement than a coherent management system. The role of local government assessments results from the fulfillment of many functions for the needs of decision-making processes (providing information, the basis for the selection of objectives, evaluation of the ways in which the authorities operate). Every activity needs measures (assessments) that allow defining the status and achievements of public management entities on a local scale. The issues of assessing the functioning and development of local government are multi-faceted and multi-level. The assessments concern their nature, type, conditions, elements of local government structures, standards. Therefore, the common denominator of the analysis is the search for adequate assessment criteria and their coordination in politics and public management in Poland.
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The issue of education for democracy, is important for sustainability and promotion of liberal democracy. The current crisis of liberal democracy converges with the crisis of educational programs that provide the knowledge and skills necessary for a democratic-liberal political order. Ideal for acquiring knowledge and skills that are relevant to a market dominated study programs at universities and institutes and establishes a hierarchy of social values. The road to the maintenance and promotion of liberal democracy implies the reaffirmation of basic liberal values, knowledge and skills that are necessary for the formation of self-conscious and rational individual. At the same time, education for liberal democracy should establish a meaningful correlation between the form and content of the educational process. Specifically, the liberal-democratic values can be taught in the liberal-democratic learning techniques.
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The article signals the need for a deepened theoretical analysis of environmental issues in International Relations studies. It initializes the idea of “Greening” the Critical Theory of International Relations with critical concepts from other sciences. Thus it proposes the scope of Critical Theory of IR to be expanded to cover not only the relations between power and capital, but the relations of power-capital-nature. It shows common points between the Critical Theory of IR and the concepts of world-ecology and the Capitalocene by Jason W. Moore and proposes reforming some founding definitions that the Critical Theory of IR is based on. This includes re-conceptualizing the critique of capitalism as a way of organizing nature, but also distancing oneself from the Cartesian dichotomy of Society + Nature, which is an obstacle to properly including environmental issues in IR research.
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At the beginning of the 21st century, rural policy remains one of the most important areas of public policy; huge financial and human resources are devoted to the implementation of this policy measures. The aim of the article is to provide holistic evaluation of the goals, means and key achievements of Lithuanian agricultural policy and to identify possible areas and ways of improvement. The diversity of agricultural policy measures applied in Lithuania after the restoration of independence in 1990 and achievements of the policy are analysed on the basis of new approach – the theory of qualitative structures. The study explores how policy measures to accelerate the process of industrialization in Lithuanian agriculture after the privatization of kolkhozes and sovkhozes have encouraged and supported private farms to implement extensive growth, intensification, specialization, risk management, collaboration and innovation production strategies, and what results they have achieved.
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In the recent years, consolidated democracies have faced a great decline in citizens’ participation and interest in political life. The latest researches show that young people are especially disengaged and alien to political life. Moreover, Lithuania seems to have the greatest number of young people who are not interested in politics in the “socalled” developed world (OECD countries and candidates) and has the highest gap between the general and the youth interest in politics. Therefore, this article analyzes what are the reasons for the disinterest in politics of the youth in Lithuania. Contemporary theories and empirical researches suggest rather different answers to the question. In particular, it is said that youths’ interest in politics can be determined by three categories of factors: socioeconomic/sociodemographic (income, wellbeing, education, race and gender), psychological (political efficacy: self-confidence as internal political efficacy and trust in political system as external political efficacy) as well as socializing factors (discussions with family and friends, media, volunteering). In order to find why Lithuania has such a high level of youth disinterest in politics, the analysis is performed on an individual level. Logistic regression analysis shows that the most relevant determinants for the youth interest in politics in Lithuania are a greater usage of media, accompanied with more frequent discussions with family and friends, a higher trust in the parliament as well as a higher level of education. Yet, the greatest determinant of whether a young person will be interested in politics are the elections; i.e., data from the year 2016 signalizes a much greater youth interest in politics compared to the 2012, thus inviting to analyze more deeply the existing differences between the two elections. To check if the variables had proved significant on the individual level, bore any semblance on the country level and explained the exception of Lithuania, an aggregate analysis was conducted. Correlations were found between the level of youth disinterest in politics and income per capita, trust in the national government, discussions with friends and the usage of media. Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia appear to be in one group based on most of the analyzed criteria. Though altogether these factors seem to be pretty good determinants, the Lithuanian case is, however, not fully explained by them – a regression model is unable to predict almost one fifth of the young people that are disinterested in politics in Lithuania. Thus, the usual suspects do not explain this phenomenon fully, and particular countries should be explored more deeply.
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