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ITEMA 2022 / 6 – Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Cover Image

ITEMA 2022 / 6 – Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
ITEMA 2022 / 6 – Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Contributor(s): Vuk Bevanda (Editor), Paulo Alexandre (Editor)
Subject(s): Social Sciences, Economy
ISSN: 2683-5991
Published by: Udruženje ekonomista i menadžera Balkana
Keywords: Information Technology; Tourism; Economics; Management; Agriculture
Summary/Abstract: The purpose of the annual ITEMA conference is to support the power of scientific research and dissemination of the research results with the objective to enhance society by advancing knowledge; policy-making change, lives, and ultimately, the world. Our objective is to continue to be the foremost annual conference on cutting-edge theory and practice of information technology, tourism, economics, management, and agriculture, encouraging advancement via excellence, and interaction. ITEMA conference aims to bring together the international academic community (experts, scientists, engineers, researchers, students, and others) and enable interactive discussions and other forms of interpersonal exchange of experiences and popularization of science and personal and collective affirmation. The annual ITEMA conference is committed to the highest standards of publishing integrity and academic honesty as ensuring ethics in all its publications. Conformance to standards of ethical behavior is therefore expected of all parties involved: authors, editors, reviewers, and the publisher. The conference organizer follows the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines on how to deal with potential acts of misconduct. All received full papers prior peer review process are subject to plagiarism check with iThenticate by Turnitin software. Any identified plagiarism automatically disqualifies a paper. Afterward, all full papers are double-blind peer-reviewed by the reviewers drawn from the editorial committee or external reviewers depending on the topic, title, and the subject matter of the paper. Peer reviewers provide a critical assessment of the paper and may recommend improvements. Although the author may choose not to take this advice, we highly recommend that the author address any issues, explaining why their research process or conclusions are correct. The conference program of the 6th International Scientific Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management, and Agriculture - ITEMA 2022 held on October 27, 2022, combined presentations of the latest scientific developments in the field of knowl¬edge management with blockchain, data-driven vehicle lifecycle management, AI-based website content generation, comparative analysis of protocol attributes, cryptocurrency evidence, electronic invoicing, genetic algorithms for job shop problems, risk management with automation, social net¬works in healthcare, e-platform usage in education, augmented reality learning, information security and cybersecurity, payment security in online commerce, tourism, COVID-19’s economic impact, digitalization, strategic alliances, capital markets, healthcare financing, FINTECH, sustainability reporting, human resources, education strategies, agricultural analysis, and others. The selection of papers for presentation on the conference day was based on quality, originality, and relevance. ITEMA 2022 keynote speaker was full-time professor Kornelije Rabuzin representing the Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb, Varaždin, Croatia with the topic Using Business Intelligence. Within publications from the ITEMA 2022 conference: • 12 double peer-reviewed papers have been published in the ITEMA 2022 Selected Papers, • 48 double peer-reviewed papers have been published in the ITEMA 2022 Conference Proceedings, • 106 abstracts have been published in the ITEMA 2022 Book of Abstracts. Altogether ITEMA 2022 publications have more than 700 pages. All full papers have DOI numbers and ORCID iD integration. Participation in the conference took 193 researchers representing 20 different countries from different universities, eminent faculties, scientific institutes, colleges, various ministries, local governments, public and private enterprises, multinational companies, associations, etc.

Series: ITEMA - International Scientific Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-80194-63-9
  • Page Count: 434
  • Publication Year: 2022
  • Language: English
Support for Knowledge Management Processes with Blockchain Technology

Support for Knowledge Management Processes with Blockchain Technology
(Support for Knowledge Management Processes with Blockchain Technology)

  • Author(s):Sandra Lovrenčić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:1-7
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Knowledge management; Knowledge management processes; Blockchain technology
  • Summary/Abstract:Knowledge management facilitates the cycle of knowledge within organization through processes for knowledge capture/creation, storing, sharing and application. Various information technologies are already used to support those processes and their mechanisms, and new ones are continually emerging. The use of blockchain technology is lately suggested in many areas, including knowledge management. This paper aims to identify what are the most discussed benefits of using blockchain technology in knowledge management, considering their features, especially for specific processes. It also explores possible advantages and disadvantages of the use of blockchain technology, on which depends its real adoption in organizations as support for knowledge management processes.
A Proposed Blockchain-Based Solution for a Data-Driven Vehicle Lifecycle Management

A Proposed Blockchain-Based Solution for a Data-Driven Vehicle Lifecycle Management
(A Proposed Blockchain-Based Solution for a Data-Driven Vehicle Lifecycle Management)

  • Author(s):Ezmolda BAROLLI, Muhamet Zeneli
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:9-15
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Blockchain; Vehicle lifecycle management; Insurance; Digitize; Secure; Hyperledger fabric; Distributed ledger
  • Summary/Abstract:Vehicle lifecycle data and stakeholders’ data related to it have a non-open approach to data access. The lack of accurate, reliable, transparent, and accessible data consequently leads to a lack of trust, but also a risk analysis that is not always relevant. This paper consists of analyzing the factors to determine if a blockchain-based solution could increase trust and collaboration between different stakeholders in vehicle lifecycle management and the insurance industry. The goal is to model a data-driven approach on a blockchain-based solution that helps reduce barriers to finding data on all vehicle transactions. The methods used are based on the analysis of the current systems and platforms of vehicle lifecycle management and insurance policies from the business model perspective and security aspects. The proposed technical solution consists of a general architecture for a permissioned blockchain-based vehicle lifecycle management used by manufacturers, insurance companies, and other stakeholders.
Dynamic Generation of Website Content Based on User Segmentation Using Artificial Intelligence

Dynamic Generation of Website Content Based on User Segmentation Using Artificial Intelligence
(Dynamic Generation of Website Content Based on User Segmentation Using Artificial Intelligence)

  • Author(s):Nenad Kojić, Mladen Petrović, Natalija Vugdelija
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:17-24
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Dynamic website; User segmentation; Artificial intelligence; Web 4.0; Kohonen neural network
  • Summary/Abstract:The aim of this work is the segmentation of website users on the basis of artificial intelligence with the aim of dynamically modifying the content of the website for users, in accordance with the objectives of Web 4.0, and in this way enabling quick and optimal display of content following their needs. User classification will be based on click events on categories/subcategories and articles. Based on that information, using Kononen’s neural network, the user will be classified into one of the n categories to which the neural network was initially trained. Based on the detected type of the user’s classification, the content of the site is dynamically changed to the user, and the categories and products for which the majority of users of that type of classification have expressed greater interest are initially displayed and offered. The goal is to adapt the content of the site to the needs of the user and in this way the user can easily and quickly find the desired product.
Cryptocurrency: Evidence from North Macedonia

Cryptocurrency: Evidence from North Macedonia
(Cryptocurrency: Evidence from North Macedonia)

  • Author(s):Kiril Jovanovski, Learta Jusufi
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:25-32
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Cryptocurrency; Advantages; Disadvantages (of cryptocurrency); Financial instruments; Financial markets; Regulatory framework; North Macedonia; Western Balkans
  • Summary/Abstract:Cryptocurrency as a novel concept in finance, has lately attracted wide attention in the financial market. However, there is a divided opinion when it comes to embracing or ignoring them. Some are optimistic about their future, and others believe that the skepticism that surrounds them will strongly contribute to their disappearance from the market. The first part of the paper will give a brief background about cryptocurrencies and their associated advantages and disadvantages. The second part of the paper will focus on providing an overview of the cryptocurrency situation in North Macedonia, where they are currently unregulated. Since no legislation would protect consumers in case of fraud, the proper regulatory framework in this sphere is an urgent problem that requires immediate attention. Additionally, this paper will offer a small insight into other Western Balkan countries in this regard, where the situation is like in North Macedonia.
State and Perspectives of Electronic Invoicing in Croatian Companies

State and Perspectives of Electronic Invoicing in Croatian Companies
(State and Perspectives of Electronic Invoicing in Croatian Companies)

  • Author(s):Marko Veldić, Mario Jadrić, Maja Čukušić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:33-39
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Electronic invoicing; Digital transformation; Croatian companies
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper analyzes the current state and perspectives of electronic invoicing in Croatian companies. The digital transition or more specifically, the digital transformation processes affect all companies and are crucial for increasing efficiency, innovation, and the overall growth of the economies. Electronic invoicing, as one of the manifestations of digital transformation, brings about numerous economic benefits based on process automation and integration from order to payment between business parties. In the paper, the reasons and characteristics of Croatian companies that have introduced electronic invoicing and those that have not are presented in detail. The empirical study reveals that a company’s adoption of electronic invoicing increases with the company’s size. Also, the government’s critical role in implementing electronic invoicing in Croatian companies is highlighted.
Comparing Genetic Algorithm and Variable Neighborhood Search Method for Solving Job Shop Problem

Comparing Genetic Algorithm and Variable Neighborhood Search Method for Solving Job Shop Problem
(Comparing Genetic Algorithm and Variable Neighborhood Search Method for Solving Job Shop Problem)

  • Author(s):Jana Vugdelija
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:41-47
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Job Shop; Scheduling problem; Genetic algorithm; Variable neighborhood search; Heuristics
  • Summary/Abstract:Job Shop scheduling problem is one of the most complex and researched problems in the field of production planning. In this paper, two methods for solving Job Shop scheduling problem are presented and compared. The genetic algorithm and variable neighborhood search method were chosen and implemented in software for solving Job Shop problem. The paper first briefly presents Job Shop scheduling problem and then explains the development of solving software and implementation of selected solution methods. The results of using implemented genetic algorithm and variable neighborhood search method are presented on test instances with various dimensions. Solutions obtained using these two methods were put in comparison and analyzed, as well as compared with the optimal or bestknown solutions in the literature.
Risk Management in the Automation of Business Processes through the Application of Robotic Process Automation

Risk Management in the Automation of Business Processes through the Application of Robotic Process Automation
(Risk Management in the Automation of Business Processes through the Application of Robotic Process Automation)

  • Author(s):Ognjen Pantelić, Ivana Ivanović, Stefan Krstović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:49-56
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Process automation; RPA technology; Risks; Risk management
  • Summary/Abstract:In a modern business environment with very big data flows, employee focus is crucial for success. This problem developed a need for new technological advancements such as Robotic Process Automation (RPA). As the RPA technology is relatively young, there is still an insufficient amount of research about which project management techniques are the best for it. This paper aims to recognize the key principles of risk management which can be applied to the automation of business processes through the use of RPA technology and to emphasize the significance of risk management for conducting successful RPA projects.
Social Networks – A New Way of Communicating in Healthcare

Social Networks – A New Way of Communicating in Healthcare
(Social Networks – A New Way of Communicating in Healthcare)

  • Author(s):Gordana Jelić, Danica Tartalja Mamula
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:57-63
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Information-sharing platforms; Health literacy; Online support
  • Summary/Abstract:The advancement in IC technologies has provided health systems with newer and better means of reaching large populations. This paper investigates how social networks facilitate health message-sharing on the Internet and provide users with numerous tools to create, publish or share various content formats. The literature review points out two basic motives for the use of social networks by sick people: “information support” aimed at obtaining information and increasing knowledge about the disease and its therapies by sharing experiences with other users, and “social and emotional support” enabled by digital environments which encourage empathy among online peers allowing each person to access help from different social media while controlling the level of disclosure of their identity and condition. The authors of this paper conclude that a deeper understanding of shared content and user behavior in online settings can help communicators improve health literacy, raise community awareness and provide social support.
Usage of E-platforms Google Meet, Microsoft Teams and Zoom in Education

Usage of E-platforms Google Meet, Microsoft Teams and Zoom in Education
(Usage of E-platforms Google Meet, Microsoft Teams and Zoom in Education)

  • Author(s):Anton Vorina, Nikolina Vrcelj, Vuk Bevanda
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:63-70
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Online teaching; Google Meet; Microsoft teams; Zoom
  • Summary/Abstract:The crisis caused by COVID-19 has forced educational institutions to use electronics for educational purposes and thus to digitize the entire process of lectures as well as exams and other school activities. Distance learning is, of course, welcome at a time when it is necessary to limit oneself socially as much as possible to help curb the spread of infections. But everything has both good and bad sides and e-learning is no exception. Rapid changes in this area required even faster adaptation by teachers, professors, or lecturers, as well as pupils and students. The latter, already born in the age of electronics and accustomed to drastic innovations in this field, probably had fewer problems with this. The purpose of the research is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning observed by users. The research will be limited to three of the most widespread e-meeting programs. These are Google Meet, Microsoft Teams and Zoom. Assuming that these are the three most used programs, the satisfaction of the users of these programs is also an important issue in the research.
Framing a Model for Mobile Learning Using Augmented Reality

Framing a Model for Mobile Learning Using Augmented Reality
(Framing a Model for Mobile Learning Using Augmented Reality)

  • Author(s):Slavica Radosavljević, Vitomir Radosavljević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:71-79
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Teaching content; Mobile learning; Augmented Reality
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper considers the possibility of creating a framework for mobile learning with elements of augmented reality, intending to better adapt teaching content to students who are in the same or different locations. The framework, in which the use of mobile devices in learning is observed, depends on the purpose for which the mobile device is used (for research purposes, simulation, etc.), on technical capabilities, and the level of user capabilities. The goal is to achieve a quick and efficient understanding of the learning content, as well as good cooperation from the participants. The sustainable link between AR and HE goals must be established in accordance with the cognitive approach, according to the axioms of the theories related to learning, with the aim of unifying the association of this technology with the teaching–learning process.
Efficiency of Learning Using Augmented Reality Technology

Efficiency of Learning Using Augmented Reality Technology
(Efficiency of Learning Using Augmented Reality Technology)

  • Author(s):Vitomir Radosavljević, Slavica Radosavljević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:81-89
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Learning technologies; Augmented Reality; Effective learning
  • Summary/Abstract:The intensive development of information technologies has led to the introduction of many innovations in the educational process. Innovations often rely on the use of new technologies in the educational process and aim to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of learning. This paper presents the use of augmented reality in training students to process graphic images. The method of using augmented reality in the training has been presented in the paper, and afterward, the results of the research, which compared student efficiency using written text instructions and student efficiency using augmented reality technology in the training process. The results of the research did not show a significant difference in efficiency. But, it should be taken into account that the students, who were part of the research, encountered this type of training for the first time, so the opportunities that augmented reality provides in the training process needs to be further investigated.
Information Security – SOC Potentialities

Information Security – SOC Potentialities
(Information Security – SOC Potentialities)

  • Author(s):Pedro Vieira, Leonilde Reis
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:91-97
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Information; Information security; Cybersecurity; Security Operations Center; Security information; Event management
  • Summary/Abstract:Nowadays, information is an essential resource and a valuable asset. Like any other asset, information is potentially vulnerable and subject to various threats, whether deliberate or accidental. The methodology adopted for the study was exploratory and descriptive, focusing on document analysis of information in the field of the theme. The paper aims to focus on the operationalisation and management of the Security Operations Center (SOC), to foster and optimise the definition of policies and instruments for data loss prevention and recovery, as well as to carry out training actions for employees. The main results emphasise that cybersecurity involves a set of tools, policies, guides, risk management approaches, training actions, good practices and technologies that can be used to protect the assets of organisations and users in cyberspace, to preserve the guarantee the so-called information security triad.
Cybersecurity – Security Operations Center

Cybersecurity – Security Operations Center
(Cybersecurity – Security Operations Center)

  • Author(s):Pedro Fale, Leonilde Reis, Rui Almeida
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:99-103
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Cybersecurity; SOC; Cybersecurity threats; Incident response; Incident control
  • Summary/Abstract:Currently, most organizations are dependent on Information and Communication Technologies, in the sense of accomplishing their underlying business activities. In this scope, cybersecurity is considered the domain that has the strength to protect sensitive information, be it at the individual level or in an organizational context. The objective of this paper is to introduce the concept, relevance, and functions of a Security Operations Centre. The methodology underlying the study was based on the use of the MITRE Adversarial Tactics, Techniques and Common Knowledge framework as a matrix of tactics and techniques based on real scenario observations. The main results emphasize the importance of incorporating the Security Operations Center as a barrier against cybersecurity threats. Security Operations Center brings additional value to the organizational context, through people, processes and technologies while also using several frameworks to improve work management, incident response and incident control.
An Approach to Improving Network Security Using Log Analysis

An Approach to Improving Network Security Using Log Analysis
(An Approach to Improving Network Security Using Log Analysis)

  • Author(s):Marija Zajeganović, Milan Pavlović, Danica Tartalja Mamula, Silva Kostić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:105-111
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Log messages; Troubleshooting; Malicious activities.
  • Summary/Abstract:Troubleshooting is the process of detecting, identifying and resolving problems within a computer network by means of specific methods, tools and operations. Troubleshooting implies following a set of procedures or steps that conform to the security standards and policies of a company. Diagnosing the source of a problem can be done by tools for system monitoring, recording log messages, manual testing of device configuration, as well as by tools for device operation analysis. The procedure for using log messages to resolve both common problems and those caused by attacks is explained in this paper. Furthermore, this paper describes the way security threat management systems use the contents of log messages to analyze hardware problems and malicious activities.
Payment Security Issues and User Data in Online Commerce

Payment Security Issues and User Data in Online Commerce
(Payment Security Issues and User Data in Online Commerce)

  • Author(s):Nadejda Dimova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:113-116
  • No. of Pages:4
  • Keywords:Online commerce; User; Security; Payment; Data
  • Summary/Abstract:In recent years, there has been increased development of information and telecommunication technologies, which have a significant impact on the economic and social sphere on a global scale and, in particular, at the national level. In parallel, there are many challenges to the integration and use of digital technologies and the resulting issues of payment and data security in online commerce. This research is dedicated to revealing the nature of data privacy, the relationship between the regulator, consumers and retailers, and presenting the features of payment and data security in online commerce.
Impact of Risk Management in an Organizational Context

Impact of Risk Management in an Organizational Context
(Impact of Risk Management in an Organizational Context)

  • Author(s):Joao Santos, Leonilde Reis, Manuel Landum
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:117-121
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Information security; Risk management; Cybersecurity
  • Summary/Abstract:In Portugal, the Council’s Minister Resolution 41/2018, presents a complement to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which, in order to comply with it, defines technical guidelines for the Public Administration concerning the security architecture of networks and information systems. The objective of the paper is to present risk management in an organizational context. The adopted methodology is focused on the presentation of the research and obligations that the organizations have to take into account before the law and the regulatory authorities. International standards and how they can be applied in the context of the organization under study were analyzed, and the main results reached, aim to raise awareness within the organizations assertively, for the existing vulnerabilities and threats. Risk management was based on asset management and professional experience acquired over the years, as well as knowledge of internal procedures.
The Potential for Sustainable Tourism Development and Branding. Analysis of Krushevo and Elbasan Destinations

The Potential for Sustainable Tourism Development and Branding. Analysis of Krushevo and Elbasan Destinations
(The Potential for Sustainable Tourism Development and Branding. Analysis of Krushevo and Elbasan Destinations)

  • Author(s):Elvira Fetahu, Emilia Geroska
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:123-130
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Adventure tourism; Natural environment; Cultural immersion; Physical activity
  • Summary/Abstract:UNWTO forecasted that international arrivals or outbound travelers worldwide will reach up to 1.8 billion by 2030, thus securing tourism as one of the fastest-growing economic activities fostering overall development, introducing new investments, and generating income and new employment. Tourism’s overall impact on a nation also influences the local economy although it is quite challenging to measure this impact and its dimension. Over the last few years, tourism in Albania and North Macedonia has had ups and downs considering the Covid-19 pandemic situation which also determined the importance of sustainable tourism development and its influence in the tourism sector. The study provides a framework analysis of Krushevo and Elbasan as a single thematic tourism destination by using primary and secondary data and reveals evidence-based recommendations for local and national policymakers to design innovative tourism programs in these cities. The findings show that Krushevo and Elbasan have similarities mostly in the category of access points, attractions, and amenities and variations in the type and quality of the activities offered.
European Strategies for Sustainable Tourist Destinations, Problems & Prospects – The Case of Vlora, Albania

European Strategies for Sustainable Tourist Destinations, Problems & Prospects – The Case of Vlora, Albania
(European Strategies for Sustainable Tourist Destinations, Problems & Prospects – The Case of Vlora, Albania)

  • Author(s):Matilda Naco, Gerta Bamllari
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:131-137
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:European Tourism Indicator System; Regional strategies; European strategies; Sustainability; Vlora
  • Summary/Abstract:Although tourism is a priority development scenario, Albania is struggling to select a competitive development model. The country’s entry into the international market is producing increased visits primarily driven by curiosity, a motivational factor that hardly ensures repeated visits. Physical development is present, pressure on resources builds on and barely any coordinated actions are taken by regions in the name of long-term competitiveness and sustainability. Initiatives such as pilot testing European Tourism Indicator System for sustainable management at the destination level in the Vlora region in South Albania, a territory high in demand for tourism services, produced substantial information about the state of development and strategic documents. This paper aims to shed light on regional strategies for sustainable development and the level of tourism private sector engagement. This serves not only to evaluate the adaptation of the European strategic framework, but it sets the ground for the mobilization of local enterprises and individuals towards their implementation.
The Tourist Image of the Protected Landscape of Biambare, Sarajevo

The Tourist Image of the Protected Landscape of Biambare, Sarajevo
(The Tourist Image of the Protected Landscape of Biambare, Sarajevo)

  • Author(s):Lejla Žunić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:139-151
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Protected landscape; Tourist impressions; Satisfaction; Loyalty; Promotion
  • Summary/Abstract:The protected landscape (PL) of Biambare is one of the most famous green sites for local visitors and tourists of Sarajevo. This area is distinguished by beautiful Bosnian Alps (Dinarids) meadows and plenty of spectacular natural phenomena, especially caves; the Central Biambare Cave is currently the most popular. The terrain is situated at an elevation range of 915–1044 m above sea level, so it mostly has a pleasant pre-mountain climate, etc. Therefore, tourism supply is based on different products and activities: speleology; walking in nature; bicycling; riding; hiking; alpinism; fishing; hunting; skiing; and collecting medicinal herbs and mushrooms. The aim of the paper is to represent the Biambare tourist image based on identifying its central natural attributes and according to the evaluation of the visitor’s experience. The two relevant parameters for understanding tourist impressions are: “satisfaction” and “loyalty”. These are higher among foreign than resident visitors, particularly among Middle Eastern tourists, who favour this site above many others in Canton Sarajevo.
The Role and Importance of Women in the Revitalization of Intangible Heritage in Order to Maintain the Competitiveness of the Destination

The Role and Importance of Women in the Revitalization of Intangible Heritage in Order to Maintain the Competitiveness of the Destination
(The Role and Importance of Women in the Revitalization of Intangible Heritage in Order to Maintain the Competitiveness of the Destination)

  • Author(s):Dijana Vuković, Sanja Varlaj, Sara Simić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:153-160
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Lacemakers; Lepoglav lace; Women’s heritage; Craftsmanship; Gender
  • Summary/Abstract:Within the Croatian intangible cultural heritage, traditions and customs, due to their specific functions, occupy a unique place in tourism. The oral transmission of tradition, the culture of memory is manifested in the contemporary application of traditional customs as the most vital model of duration, regardless of the new way of life in which traditional customs have lost their significance. This paper aims to highlight women’s role in tradition’s transference - a practice that belongs to women within the framework of intangible cultural heritage, but also female creativity which is closely related to sustainable tourism. Protected cultural goods of intangible heritage represent forms of cultural expression of particular importance in a certain area. Their historical roots testify to their exceptional value from a historical, artistic, ethnographic, sociological, anthropological, linguistic, or literary point of view. Intangible cultural heritage, which is passed down from generation to generation, provides a sense of identity and continuity and thus promotes respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. The paper aims to point out the role of intangible cultural heritage as a generator of destination development and the active role of women.
Global Stagflation Shocks: Macroeconomic Challenges and Repercussions

Global Stagflation Shocks: Macroeconomic Challenges and Repercussions
(Global Stagflation Shocks: Macroeconomic Challenges and Repercussions)

  • Author(s):Jovica Pejčić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:161-171
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:Stagflation; Macroeconomic repercussions; USA; Germany; France
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper analyses key macroeconomic repercussions of the global pandemic and geo-political crises in terms of growing recessionary and inflationary pressures, and finally, the potential occurrence of stagflation. Primarily, stagflation shocks in the 1970s are analyzed and compared to the current crisis for the period January 2020 - July 2022 in the example of selected economies (the United States, Germany and France). Descriptive analysis showed that in the observed period, inflationary and recessionary pressures existed in USA, Germany and France; however, those pressures could not be identified as stagflation, since they did not happen simultaneously. Namely, during the pandemic crisis, recessionary pressures were present, since the GDP growth decreased till the first quarter of 2021 in analyzed economies, while inflation rates were stable. On the other hand, with the recovery of economies in the second quarter of 2021 inflationary pressures were stronger, intensified by the geopolitical crisis. Therefore, it seems that the most visible anomaly of the global economic system in 2022 is the presence of inflationary pressures.
Assessment of the Economic Situation of Post-socialist EU Countries

Assessment of the Economic Situation of Post-socialist EU Countries
(Assessment of the Economic Situation of Post-socialist EU Countries)

  • Author(s):Dagmar Petrušova, Katarína Kráľová, Jana Soshulakova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:173-179
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Post-socialist countries; Gross domestic product per capita; Employment rate; Unemployment rate; Work productivity; Inflation; Public administration balance
  • Summary/Abstract:The economic development of Slovakia, as well as other former socialist countries, was largely marked by the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. This process was long and difficult. Post-socialist countries were forced to adopt a broad complex of political, social, economic and institutional reforms that made the business environment in the country more attractive and strengthened economic growth. This process of transformation continues and despite progress there is room for further improvement even in the most developed post-socialist countries. In addition, the economy of individual countries, as well as the world economy, is currently significantly affected by the ongoing pandemic, and it has also been negatively affected by the war conflict in Ukraine and the emerging energy crisis. In the article, we will focus on evaluating and comparing the development and economic situation of former socialist countries that have since become members of the European Union. Based on selected macroeconomic indicators, we will assess the level of the economy of individual countries. Subsequently, we will use the ranking method and compile and evaluate the ranking of the analyzed countries.
Business Power and Mobility to Workplaces in Italian Regions during the First COVID-19 Wave

Business Power and Mobility to Workplaces in Italian Regions during the First COVID-19 Wave
(Business Power and Mobility to Workplaces in Italian Regions during the First COVID-19 Wave)

  • Author(s):Demetrio Paparello, Giorgio Tassinari
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:181-185
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Stringency; Employers; Trade unions
  • Summary/Abstract:The diffusion of the pandemic and the severity of COVID-19-related measures were very uneven across regions; however, the intensity of the restrictions was not always tightly linked with the strength of the pandemic. Economic interests and business power might have played a role in defining political responses at the local level, which are in turn able to shape the intensity of work-related mobility. This article aims at investigating whether regional variations in the stringency of COVID-19-related measures have actual impacts on work-related mobility and whether there is an independent effect of the pressure exerted by unions and businesses, assuming mobility to be governed concurrently by stringency, pandemic intensity, and pressure. Through the analysis of original regional-level indicators of stringency and public pressure, we demonstrate that trade unions’ pressure is associated with a decrease in work-related mobility during the first COVID-19 wave in Italy.
Covid-19’s Impact on Supply Chain Practices in the Republic of Serbia

Covid-19’s Impact on Supply Chain Practices in the Republic of Serbia
(Covid-19’s Impact on Supply Chain Practices in the Republic of Serbia)

  • Author(s):Anđela Đorđević, Biljana Cvetić, Dragan Vasiljević, Vidosava Džagić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:187-193
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Supply chain; COVID-19; Supply chain disruptions; Mitigation strategies
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper focuses on supply chain practices before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Supply chain disruptions due to COVID-19 on the supply, demand, and logistical side are thoroughly explained and presented. The paper addresses how the pandemic exposed the vulnerabilities and deficiencies of the lean, JIT global supply chain model. This paper also presents short- and long-term strategies that companies have taken to mitigate supply chain disruptions. As a contribution to the paper, results from the research on COVID-19 impacts on the Serbian economy and business, that the Serbian Chamber of Commerce has conducted, are shown. The paper aims to highlight the most important supply chain measures and strategies needed to stay competitive during any pandemic.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Strategic Alliances in International Business

Advantages and Disadvantages of Strategic Alliances in International Business
(Advantages and Disadvantages of Strategic Alliances in International Business)

  • Author(s):Klavdij Logožar
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:195-201
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Strategic alliances; Competitive advantage; International business; Cultural differences
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper studies strategic alliances and their role in international business. The importance of strategic alliances in the global economy has increased. Strategic drivers for interfirm co-operation between alliance partners are market growth, cost reduction, reducing risk, and access to knowledge. The author focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of strategic alliances. The challenges of managing international strategic alliances are also discussed. Ensuring the success of strategic alliances between international firms is more difficult due to alliance partners’ differences in national, organizational and professional culture. International strategic alliances are critically important to a firm success and coping with globalization, deregulation, and developments in information and transportation technology.
Testing the Weak Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis in Period of the Global Pandemic of 2020 and the Russian Invasion in 2022: Empirical Evidence from XAU, XAG and XPT

Testing the Weak Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis in Period of the Global Pandemic of 2020 and the Russian Invasion in 2022: Empirical Evidence from XAU, XAG and XPT
(Testing the Weak Form of Efficient Market Hypothesis in Period of the Global Pandemic of 2020 and the Russian Invasion in 2022: Empirical Evidence from XAU, XAG and XPT)

  • Author(s):Nicole Horta, Rui Dias, Paula Heliodoro, Paulo Alexandre, Mariana Chambino
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:203-216
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Events 2020 and 2022 Persistence; Arbitrage; Portfolio diversification
  • Summary/Abstract:This study intends to determine if the events of 2020 and 2022 have had an impact on the efficiency of the commodities markets, in particular the spot prices of gold (XAU), silver (XAG), and platinum (XPT), between September 18th, 2017, and September 15th, 2022. The findings of the Rankings and Signals test demonstrate that, during the calm time, the gold, silver, and platinum markets do not reject the random walk hypothesis, which means that spot prices are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.), consequently their movements are assumed to be random. Contrarily, the random walk hypothesis is rejected during the Stress period in all commodity markets, with variance ratios below unity, suggesting that returns show significant autocorrelation. To support this, the findings of the exponent Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) reveal that silver (XAG) had an antipersistent short memory (α < 0,5), during the Calm period, transitioning to a persistent movement (α > 0,5) during the time of the crisis. While the worldwide financial markets were stable, platinum (XPT) was in a state of equilibrium. This state changed to persistent with the succession of events starting in 2020 (α >0,5). In turn, gold (XAU) reduced its antipersistence (α <0,5) throughout the period of stress in international markets. In conclusion, there is evidence of some dependency in the time series, but this dependence does not appear to be easily exploitable by investors. These findings have significant implications for gold, silver, and platinum’s roles as investment assets.
Risk Diversification in Asian Stock Markets: An Empirical Analysis in the Context of the 2020 and 2022 Events

Risk Diversification in Asian Stock Markets: An Empirical Analysis in the Context of the 2020 and 2022 Events
(Risk Diversification in Asian Stock Markets: An Empirical Analysis in the Context of the 2020 and 2022 Events)

  • Author(s):Nicole Horta, Rui Dias, Paula Heliodoro, Paulo Alexandre, Mariana Chambino
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:217-231
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:Asian Markets; Financial integration; Long memories; Portfolio diversification
  • Summary/Abstract:The World Health Organization (WHO) designated coronavirus infection a worldwide pandemic in 2020, based on the risk of contagion and the number of confirmed cases in more than 195 countries. Covid-19 had a severe impact on the global economy as a result of uncertainty and pessimism, causing adverse effects on financial markets. On February 24th, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale military invasion against Ukraine, signifying a dramatic escalation of a conflict that began in 2014. Several analysts named the invasion the largest military invasion in Europe since World War II. In the context of these events, this paper aims to estimate whether portfolio diversification is practicable in the stock markets of Indonesia (JKSE), Malaysia (KLSE), South Korea (KOSPI), Japan (NIKKEI 400), Philippines (PSI), Thailand (SET) and China (SSEC), for the period from September 18th, 2017 to September 15th, 2022. In the purpose of reaching such analysis it is intended to provide answers to two questions: (i) if the global pandemic of 2020 and the Russian invasion in 2022 have accentuated financial integration in these Asian markets? (ii) If yes, the existence of persistence in returns, could put portfolio diversification into question? The results indicate that those markets have low levels of integration, both in periods of normality and in periods of global uncertainty. Complementarily, the 2020 and 2022 events have significantly increased persistence in these regional markets. These results demonstrate that prices do not fully reflect available information and that changes in prices are not i.i.d. This situation has implications for investors, as some returns may be expected, creating some opportunities for arbitrage and windfalls profits. The authors consider that these results provide an opportunity for regulators in these regional markets to take efforts to ensure better information between these markets and the international markets.
Healthcare Financing Models and the Expenditure Growth

Healthcare Financing Models and the Expenditure Growth
(Healthcare Financing Models and the Expenditure Growth)

  • Author(s):Nikolay Atanasov, Dimitar Semkov
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:233-238
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Healthcare financing models; Public health expenditure; Social health insurance; Government budget
  • Summary/Abstract:The present study includes the countries of the European Union, aiming to test the hypothesis that the funding models can be related to the size and growth of health expenditure, as a phenomenon from the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The criterion for grouping the national health systems is the dominant public source of financing from the two with the largest weight in the aggregate expenditure – health insurers’ payments and payments on account of the state budget. Data from the health accounts of the countries of the EU for a period of the last 10 years are used. The observed indicator is the weight of total health expenditure of the current GDP, which allows international comparisons to be made. The methods of analysis used include descriptive statistics, verification of hypotheses for the type of empirical distributions, equality of means and variances, and graphical presentation of the detected dependencies. The results show that there is a significant variation in health expenditure between the individual countries in the EU. Within the formed two groups of countries - one with a dominant government budget and the other with a dominant health insurance financing, no statistically significant difference in the size of the health expenditure can be found. Such a dependence is found when grouping using other indicators related to geographical location and living standards.
A Holistic CSR Maturity Assessment Mode

A Holistic CSR Maturity Assessment Mode
(A Holistic CSR Maturity Assessment Mode)

  • Author(s):Maria Belesioti, Michail Glykas
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:239-252
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Corporate Social Responsibility; Maturity Model; CSR Maturity Assessment Framework; ISO26000:2010
  • Summary/Abstract:Recently, there has been an increasing interest in defining Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the factors that have the potential to influence it. CSR has become an essential strategic tool and its initiatives have increased in variety and scope, impacting communities and businesses in economic, environmental, and social terms as a means of raising the social profile and maximizing the corporation’s long-term economic and social value. This paper aims to introduce the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility and to investigate the key enabling factors and constraints that play a crucial role in the adoption and implementation of CSR initiatives. For this, a holistic framework, namely a Corporate Social Responsibility Maturity Model (CSRMM) for CSR assessment will be analyzed and presented.
Information and Communication Technologies in the Function of the Development of Digital Competences of Persons with Disabilities

Information and Communication Technologies in the Function of the Development of Digital Competences of Persons with Disabilities
(Information and Communication Technologies in the Function of the Development of Digital Competences of Persons with Disabilities)

  • Author(s):Anela Džananović, Jasna Bajrakatarević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:253-261
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:Information and communication technologies; Disability; Digital competence; Skills
  • Summary/Abstract:The subject and problem of the work refer to information and communication technologies, which are one of the most important prerequisites for life and work for people with disabilities. From education itself, social life, professional rehabilitation and employment, information and communication technologies are a factor without which participation is impossible for people with disabilities, regardless of the form. This paper singles out one particular aspect of the use of information and communication technology, which depends on the level of development of the country and the existential status of a specific person and what type of disability it is. Investing in information technology and digital competences of people with disabilities has a pronounced positive impact on the development of social entrepreneurship in the context of companies for the employment of people with disabilities. When talking about information and communication technologies, we are talking about different equipment, software and the like, with the help of which people with disabilities can communicate more easily; they have a great impact on all people in the world, especially on people with disabilities.
Changing the Process of the Employee Recruitment in the Labour Market

Changing the Process of the Employee Recruitment in the Labour Market
(Changing the Process of the Employee Recruitment in the Labour Market)

  • Author(s):Mirjana Nedović, Ivona Sabljo Bajić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:263-272
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Human resources management; Digitalization; Electronic human resources management; Digital human resources strategy
  • Summary/Abstract:Human resource management is an important managerial function. Finding quality and motivated people represents a challenge for any business. The ways to reach the best future employees have changed with the development of social networks and digitalization in general. To be competitive, every company needs a well-designed approach to human resource management. The company’s set goals can only be achieved based on the abilities of employees with certain skills. The reason for choosing this topic stemmed from the many problems faced by the human resources departments due to the transformation that is happening in the labour market. The purpose of this paper is to show a concrete example, of the recruitment of employees when using a modern method using the social network. All the stages that are used to acquire the best candidate who would complete the set tasks will be explained. The data were obtained using the telephone interview research method. This work will be able to serve the other companies or departments that manage human resources as one of the examples of the new concept of recruiting employees and accordingly, contribute to future research. The findings that are stemming from this research will certainly support further studies of human resource management using new technologies and tools that collect analytical data and skills of employees and consequently help companies to select the best candidates.
Effect of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Employability – Case of Albania

Effect of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Employability – Case of Albania
(Effect of the 4th Industrial Revolution on Employability – Case of Albania)

  • Author(s):Milena Shehu, Areti Stringa
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:273-276
  • No. of Pages:4
  • Keywords:4th Industrial Revolution; Employability; Skills gap
  • Summary/Abstract:The labor markets are undergoing significant changes as a result of the fourth industrial revolution’s implementation in every sphere of the economy. One easy image may come to mind when you hear the term “digital economy”: a robot employee, designed to perform specified tasks automatically. In any case, digitalizing employability entails more than just applying AI codes; it also entails raising performance standards, emphasizing soft skills among workers, eliminating low - and middle-level roles, and increasing demand for highly qualified workers. Albania has made significant strides toward economic digitalization. Numerous businesses, especially large ones, are spending money to advance the technologies they work with. Technological developments at the macroeconomic and sectoral levels are fundamentally changing the work market and employability in our country, having a significant impact on both employers and employability.
Human Resources Management in Quality 4.0 Maturity Assessment

Human Resources Management in Quality 4.0 Maturity Assessment
(Human Resources Management in Quality 4.0 Maturity Assessment)

  • Author(s):Anastasia Vlastaridou, Evdokia Nikou, Ioulia Kouroupaki, Michail Glykas
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:277-291
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:Human resource management (HRM); Quality 4.0; Maturity assessment
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper analyzes critical success factors and enablers for the maturity assessment of Quality 4.0 implementations. The emphasis is on how digital transformation technologies have impacted human resource processes and how technology and quality are related. This study presents a literature review on Quality 4.0 and provides an overview of the key issues and future perspectives for quality management in the digital era. The research results contribute to the digitalization and quality literature and a holistic approach that should be composed of CSFs and Enablers. No previous studies have been identified that provide a holistic analysis.
Study of the Motivating Factors of the Human Resources Management System in the Municipality of Plovdiv

Study of the Motivating Factors of the Human Resources Management System in the Municipality of Plovdiv
(Study of the Motivating Factors of the Human Resources Management System in the Municipality of Plovdiv)

  • Author(s):Liliya Nedkova Nedeva
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:293-298
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Motivation; Communication; Efficiency
  • Summary/Abstract:Motivation can encourage employees to achieve the organization’s goal because if workers feel that managers practically communicate with them, it motivates them to perform better and work as a team. Mismanagement of motivation in any organization can lead to demotivation, apathy and even resistance. The symptoms of a lack of inspiration in the workplace are frequent turnover, frequent absences from work, delays, low quality of performed activities, lack of interest in new exercises, etc. Employees with high job satisfaction are more focused on tasks and activities and are more motivated to stay with the organization. The conducted research found low motivation among employees in the municipality of Plovdiv, which is why improving interpersonal communication is a prerequisite for increasing job satisfaction.
University-Industry Cooperation, from the Viewpoint of Top-Level Management in Albanian Companies

University-Industry Cooperation, from the Viewpoint of Top-Level Management in Albanian Companies
(University-Industry Cooperation, from the Viewpoint of Top-Level Management in Albanian Companies)

  • Author(s):Ketrina Mijo Cabiri, Ermira Qosja
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:299-308
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Challenges; Motivational factors; Barriers
  • Summary/Abstract:Economic development is conditioned upon many actors, where the cooperation of higher education institutions with industry and business plays an important role. Companies are highly interested in the “primary product” of higher education, in the sense of knowledge that benefits students, the absorption of talents, but also in the product of scientific research, patents, start-ups, etc. This paper aims to measure the perception of the top-level managers in Albanian companies regarding the challenges and barriers that appear in university-industry cooperation. Through a qualitative analysis, based on the questionnaire of the KALCEA3 project (Erasmus + CBHE) in a sample of 27 large and medium-sized companies, an attempt has been made to investigate the main factors that increase this cooperation as well as the factors that hinder it. An important role is also paid to the identification of factors that motivate companies and the challenges they will have to face. The findings of the paper are of interest to the industry, universities and politicians and focus mainly on the mentality and culture of cooperation.
EFQM Maturity Assessment

EFQM Maturity Assessment
(EFQM Maturity Assessment)

  • Author(s):Maria Vitzilaiou, Thaleia Dima, Michail Glykas
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:309-323
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:Glykas Quality Compass (GQC); Quality Management (QM); EFQM; Critical Success Factors (CSFs)
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper identifies the approaches of Quality Management Maturity Assessments and proposes the novel Quality Maturity Assessment framework called Glykas Quality Compass (GQC) that evaluates implementation initiatives holistically and comprehensively through a matrix of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) and Enablers. The authors apply the proposed framework in the newly published EFQM Model in order to verify the framework’s ease of use and concept validity. The EFQM model criteria were analyzed based on the CSFs and enablers presented in the GQC maturity framework. Based on the results of the analysis, the GQC - EFQM Model correlation table is presented. The results emphasize the importance of the contribution of excellence in improving the quality and performance of organizations that desire long-term results and sustainable value. GQC provides and integrates the CSFs with management principles and organizational resources with business objectives and leads to an integrated framework of quality management and corporate sustainability.
The Level of Development - Students’ Perceptions and Beyond: The Case of Balkan Countries

The Level of Development - Students’ Perceptions and Beyond: The Case of Balkan Countries
(The Level of Development - Students’ Perceptions and Beyond: The Case of Balkan Countries)

  • Author(s):Vladimir Šimić, Lena Perović Malešević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:325-334
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Level of development; Students’ perception; HDI index; Life satisfaction
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper investigates the level of development in Balkan countries through comparison of the common development indicators. A starting point is the perception of the level of economic development by a group of first year economics students at the Faculty of Economics, Business and Tourism in Split, Croatia. With the students typically not being aware (familiar) of how rich (poor) their country is, this study provides a deeper investigation of the level of development of Croatia and compares it with several countries from the neighborhood. The investigation employs commonly used indicators of economic development - GNI (Gross national income) per capita as usually reported by the World Bank, but also takes into account additional indicators like HDI (Human development index) and life satisfaction indicator. Overall, the study provides an interesting review and comparisons between countries and resolves some misperceptions that are typically present in general public.
Industry 4.0 Process-Operations Management Maturity Assessment: A Literature Survey

Industry 4.0 Process-Operations Management Maturity Assessment: A Literature Survey
(Industry 4.0 Process-Operations Management Maturity Assessment: A Literature Survey)

  • Author(s):Anastasia Vlastaridou, Cristos Mpafas,, Georgios Melidis, Michail Glykas
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:335-347
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Industry 4.0; Operations management; Maturity assessment; Digital transformation
  • Summary/Abstract:The aim is to demonstrate the necessity of evaluating industry 4.0 maturity in order to discover capabilities and opportunities for potential ongoing improvements to company operation management. There will be a thorough review of the literature in the areas of operations management and Industry 4.0. Because there aren’t enough tools and terms to help firms assess their attempts to undergo digital transformation, the paper’s findings show that they are unable to establish their Industry 4.0 maturity level. It is critical to assess their effectiveness and develop strategies and practices that work by employing evaluation frameworks and models. A digital transformation maturity model is necessary. There is no prior research that offers a comprehensive examination.
Impact of the Ukrainian Crisis on Investments in Online Market in Slovakia

Impact of the Ukrainian Crisis on Investments in Online Market in Slovakia
(Impact of the Ukrainian Crisis on Investments in Online Market in Slovakia)

  • Author(s):Vlastimir Čobrda
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:349-353
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Online market Slovakia; Ukrainian crisis
  • Summary/Abstract:This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Ukrainian crisis on investments in marketing and the online market in Slovakia, in the context of the largest military conflict in Europe since World War II. Given the changing perception of normality in society and the significant impact of economic sanctions against Russia by the EU and the US on the global macroeconomic picture, the paper focuses on the Slovak online market as a relevant case study. The article first examines the current state of the online market in Slovakia and the influence of political and economic factors on its development. It is analyzed how economic sanctions and geopolitical tensions, directly and indirectly, affected the business of Slovak companies in various segments. In the second part of the paper, the needs and opportunities for the improvement of the online market in Slovakia are reviewed, taking into account the current challenges and uncertainties. As the main goal of this work, the author wants to show how the current crisis, caused by the events in Ukraine, can be successfully overcome by adapting the market to the new rules of business, using the experience and knowledge gained during the crisis years during the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper ends by summarizing the key conclusions and provides recommendations for further development of this topic, to encourage experts, researchers and decision-makers to work together to solve the challenges brought about by the Ukrainian crisis.
A Contribution to Analysis of the Space Productivity in a Seaport

A Contribution to Analysis of the Space Productivity in a Seaport
(A Contribution to Analysis of the Space Productivity in a Seaport)

  • Author(s):Deda Đelović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:355-363
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Seaport; Space Productivity
  • Summary/Abstract:After the general theoretical introduction on port development trends, space productivity is taken into consideration in this paper. As an object of research is selected open storage area at the Dry Bulk Cargo Terminal in the Port of Bar (Montenegro). Some of the group of basic operational features of the Dry Bulk Cargo Terminal are taken into consideration. Based on data series on cargo quantities stored within the open storage area at the Dry Bulk Cargo Terminal, from the period from January 2014 to July 2022, related utilization rates are calculated. In that context, the intensity of the influence of different subjects (port terminal operator, exporter/importer, etc.) on port space productivity is analyzed. The principal direction of actions aiming to increase space productivity at the Dry Bulk Cargo Terminal in the Port of Bar (Montenegro) is identified, too.
Elements of Food Security in the Current Geopolitical Context

Elements of Food Security in the Current Geopolitical Context
(Elements of Food Security in the Current Geopolitical Context)

  • Author(s):Mancia Sebastian-Mircea, Gabriela A. Popoviciu
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:365-372
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:European solidarity; European agricultural model; Global crisis; Green corridors; Agro-Food sector
  • Summary/Abstract:Given the current context - the health pandemic, the armed aggression of a state - the food security of the entire population of the globe is an essential element. Therefore, in this paper, and considering the most relevant and newest articles on food security in Romania and Europe, the authors will try to analyze the effects listed above, following which the problem of providing food to a growing population could be a problem with relentless considerations in the current environment, but also in the sustainability of this situation. Therefore, in the following, the authors will make an analytical approach to the studied ones and they will try to conclude what should happen in crises so that food security represents a landmark on the work agenda of the governors.
Analysis of Agriculture in the European Union

Analysis of Agriculture in the European Union
(Analysis of Agriculture in the European Union)

  • Author(s):Sandra Mrvica Mađarac, Zvonimir Filipović, Sandra Jurić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:373-380
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Agricultural policy of EU; Main challenges for agricultural production; Agricultural and livestock production; Size of agricultural holdings
  • Summary/Abstract:With its agricultural policy, the European Union wants to encourage member states to invest in agricultural production, production and promotion of quality agricultural products, care for the environment, development of rural areas, increase market transparency, and encourage innovation in agriculture. The main challenges for agricultural production in the European Union are global market competition, economic and political crises, climate change and rising costs of production factors. The European Union wants to provide support for the sustainable income of agricultural holdings and the stability of the agricultural sector, and it contributes greatly to the financing of agriculture in the member states. In this way, the aim is to ensure the long-term security of the food supply and the agricultural diversity of the member states. The paper states the objectives of the agricultural policy of the European Union, researches and analyzes data on the number of employees in agriculture, the age structure of farmers, the size of agricultural holdings, agricultural and livestock production, fishing and promotional activities of agricultural production in the European Union.
Bulgarian Agriculture - Principles, Traditions and Development of the Organic Agriculture

Bulgarian Agriculture - Principles, Traditions and Development of the Organic Agriculture
(Bulgarian Agriculture - Principles, Traditions and Development of the Organic Agriculture)

  • Author(s):Kristina Hristova-Petrova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:381-386
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Bulgarian agriculture; Rural areas; Economy; Traditions; Organic agriculture
  • Summary/Abstract:Agriculture as a traditional branch has a strategic importance for Bulgaria, not only because it ensures food security, and creates raw materials for many other industries and sectors of the national economy, but also provides work and income for a significant part of the population in rural areas. When we talk about agriculture as an economic activity we must always consider it in direct correlation with rural areas and their vitality. The sector is among the most dynamically developing in terms of modernization, robotization, digital transformation, also provoked by the ambitious goals related to climate and green challenges on a global scale. Precisely the agricultural sector is at the center of the circular economy and bio-based societies, preservation and development of the regions, and is in close connection with the development of science - from applied to the top - called to carry humanity into the next era. Bulgarian agriculture has deep traditions in society, its history can be traced back in time. But in the circumstances of globalization, facilitating access to imported food, it is important to increase the competitiveness of Bulgarian agricultural products. In recent years, there is more and more talk about ecologically clean production, and Bulgaria is no exception because it is making serious attempts to develop organic agriculture in the country.
Taxation of Agricultural Sector in Albania

Taxation of Agricultural Sector in Albania
(Taxation of Agricultural Sector in Albania)

  • Author(s):Brunilda Duraj (Zani), Viola Theodhori
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:387-393
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Tax policy; Incentives; VAT
  • Summary/Abstract:Agriculture contributes about 20% to the Gross Domestic Product in Albania. It is one of the main sectors of the Albanian economy, which supports and impacts other important sectors such as tourism, product processing and exports. In the conditions of the globalization of the economy, the free movement of goods and capital, and multilateral and bilateral agreements for the removal of tariff barriers, Albanian agriculture faces the challenges of very strong competition from the countries of the region, EU countries and beyond. In these conditions of strong competition, what can make Albanian agriculture survive, is that its products appear not only in the domestic market and those of the region but also in the international markets of goods and products. The ambitions of our country for the development of intensive, yearround, coastal and mountain tourism, elite and agrotourism, requires the increase of the quantity, quality and lowest possible prices of agricultural and livestock products, in order to avoid the competition of imported goods that can be traded at lower prices. How should agriculture, farmers, livestock, agricultural and livestock production be stimulated? Should they be incentivized through exemptions from the tax system or should the process of stimulating production through subsidizing the elements of agricultural and livestock production be used more efficiently? The strategy implemented in our country has strengthened tax exemptions for inputs, agricultural and livestock products, farmers’ income, etc. This strategy intends to promote the cooperation of agricultural and livestock production in Agricultural Cooperation Societies by offering minimum tax rates. Considering the great impact that agriculture has on the economy, especially in the tourism sector, we will deal with the tax policies applied in the agriculture and livestock sector and the effects of tax incentives over the years. The objective is not only to support the farmers and livestock farmers with funds but also to ensure tax relief and stimulate tax treatment for agricultural and livestock production, aiming to increase competitiveness not only in the regional market but also in the EU market, without compromising the quality of the product.
The Chaotic Wheat Producer Price Growth Model

The Chaotic Wheat Producer Price Growth Model
(The Chaotic Wheat Producer Price Growth Model)

  • Author(s):Vesna Jablanović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:395-400
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Wheat; Producer price; Chaos
  • Summary/Abstract:Movements in wheat producer prices are indicators of changes in the fundamentals of supply and demand. This paper creates the chaotic wheat producer price growth model and explains the local stability of the wheat producer price in the period 1991-2020 in the U.S., Germany and the Russian Federation. This paper confirms the stable growth of wheat producer price in those countries i n the observed period.
Economic Assessment of Sea Buckthorn Cultivation and Processing in Conditions of Intensive Production

Economic Assessment of Sea Buckthorn Cultivation and Processing in Conditions of Intensive Production
(Economic Assessment of Sea Buckthorn Cultivation and Processing in Conditions of Intensive Production)

  • Author(s):Lubomir Gurčik, Zuzana Bajusova, Jana Ladvenicová
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:400-414
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Sea buckthorn; Functional food; Static investment assessment methods; Dynamic investment assessment methods; Conventional crops
  • Summary/Abstract:The cultivation of medicinal plants is a current topic of growing importance. In Europe, but also the world, the demand for high-quali¬ty food is constantly growing. Sea buckthorn can be considered a functional food, which is an intermediate step between classic foods and medicines. Sea buckthorn contains a high content of vitamin C, which makes it an ideal helper in the treatment of flu or angina; thanks to the high content of vitamin B, it heals burns, has antiseptic effects, consumption of products from this medicinal plant ensures prevention in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and cancer, supports digestion, detoxifies the body, purifies and supports the activity of the kidneys and urinary system, reduces high cholesterol, improves memory, has anti-inflammatory effects. In the contribution, we focus on the economic assessment of the cultivation and processing of this superfood in an intensive cultivation method. We modeled two alternatives: “Alternative A” - frozen fruits, “Alternative B” - 100% sea buckthorn juice. Based on the performed analysis, the second alternative is more economically efficient, given that the payback period is before the seventh vegetation year, the internal rate of return is at the level of 35.67% and the net present value reaches the level of 1,379,316 €. In the contribution, we also evaluated the intensity of production based on the resulting indicators (revenues, costs, management result per hectare, average profitability of revenues and costs) with conventional crops grown in the corn production area (wheat, barley, corn). We found that the values of all indicators were more favorable for sea buckthorn.
Introducing Green Infrastructure into Urban Policy Documents – The Case of Croatian Cities

Introducing Green Infrastructure into Urban Policy Documents – The Case of Croatian Cities
(Introducing Green Infrastructure into Urban Policy Documents – The Case of Croatian Cities)

  • Author(s):Željka Kordej De Villa
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:415-422
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Green infrastructure; Urban areas; Policy documents; Physical planning; Croatia
  • Summary/Abstract:More and more cities are coping with the challenges of unsustainable urbanization, degradation, loss of natural capital, climate change, and increased risk of natural disasters. Green infrastructure (GI) and especially urban green infrastructure (UGI) could have a key role in dealing with these development issues. The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the role of GI in development strategies, both on national and local levels. The role of GI as a policy tool is analyzed. In addition to national development strategies, the paper reviews the development strategies of several Croatian cities. The four biggest and most developed cities are selected: Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, and Osijek. As the most developed cities in economic terms, they are expected to base their development on new development patterns, including GI. The paper is structured as follows. After presenting GI and the literature review, the third section discusses national regulation and urban policy documents related to GI. The final section presents some conclusions and some proposals for future research agenda.
Priority Substances in Waters of Albanian Ports

Priority Substances in Waters of Albanian Ports
(Priority Substances in Waters of Albanian Ports)

  • Author(s):Esmeralda Halo, Bledar Murtaj, Aurel Nuro
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social Sciences
  • Page Range:423-434
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:Adriatic Sea; Organochlorine pesticides; PCBs; PAH; BTEX; Water analyze; GC/ECD/FID
  • Summary/Abstract:This study was to determine the concentration of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-m- p-xylenes) in water samples of Adriatic Sea on the Albanian coastline. These pollutants are classified as priority substances because of their stability and toxicity. Stations near the ports of Durres and Vlora were selected for this study. Durres and Vlora ports are the largest ports in Albania which are processing more than 90% of shipping transport for people and commerce in Albania. Intense ship transport and commercial processing are the main reasons for water pollution in port areas. Water currents and new arrivals from Albanian rivers can influence their pollution. Marine water samples from the ports of Durres and Vlora were taken in for the same stations in two periods, May and July 2022. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and hexane as extracting solvents were used to isolate organochlorine pesticides and PCBs by water samples. PAHs were extracted using two steps LLE technique. Firstly, by using dichloromethane and after that hexane as extracting solvent. Organic phases were dried by using Na2SO4 anhidrous. Clean-up procedures were performed by using SPE techniques. After the concentration, the samples were injected in Varian 450 GC equipped with ECD and FID detectors. BTEX was analyzed using HS/SPME technique followed by GC/FID technique. Organochlorine pesticides (mostly their metabolites) were detected almost in all analyzed water for both periods of sampling. The main factors can be their previous use, new arrivals from rivers, and the water currents of the Adriatic Sea. PCBs, PAHs and BTEX were found almost for all analyzed samples. Their presence could be because of anthropogenic factors (intense activity and ship transport) in the port area. The higher level of all pollutants was in July because of the intense ship transport in this period of the year. The higher levels were found inside port areas for both periods. Priority substance levels in water samples of Durres and Vlora ports were higher/comparable with reported levels of them from other stations of the Adriatic Sea (Albania coast).
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